Skip to content
2000
Volume 21, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1573-4048
  • E-ISSN:

Abstract

Background

There is no reliable data on the perceived need of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) for mental services, and it is unclear how much of mothers' needs are met in Western Iran.

Objectives

This study aimed to quantify the perceived need and avoidance/delay for mental health care among mothers of children with ASD and also to elucidate the factors associated with perceived need and avoidance/delay.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study involving all mothers of children with ASD in Hamadan City, Western Iran. Socio-demographic characteristics, depression, anxiety, stress as well as perceived need and avoidance/delay, and associated factors were obtained using researcher-made and standard validated questionnaires. Penalized logistic regression analysis data augmentation was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

In total of 103 mothers, approximately 75% and 61% of mothers reported a perceived need and avoiding/delaying needed services during the past 12 months, respectively. Psychological stress and lower family income were significant determinants of the perceived need for mental health care. Minimization (OR: 6.06; 95% CI: 1.33-27.68), low perceived treatment effectiveness (4.40; 1.05-18.35), and financial barrier (4.26; 1.01-17.86) were the most important reasons for avoiding/delaying needed services, respectively.

Conclusion

The prevalence of perceived needs and unmet needs is high. Effective psychosocial interventions should be provided to reduce the mental health care gap among mothers of children with ASD.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cwhr/10.2174/0115734048261079231026044250
2023-11-09
2024-11-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. VahiaV.N. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance.Indian J Psychiatry.2013553220223
    [Google Scholar]
  2. LiF. TangY. LiF. FangS. LiuX. TaoM. WuD. JiangL. Psychological distress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A cross-sectional study based on 683 mother-father dyads.J. Pediatr. Nurs.202265e49e5510.1016/j.pedn.2022.02.00635249769
    [Google Scholar]
  3. IngersollB. HambrickD.Z. The relationship between the broader autism phenotype, child severity, and stress and depression in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders.Res. Autism Spectr. Disord.20115133734410.1016/j.rasd.2010.04.017
    [Google Scholar]
  4. PrataJ. LawsonW. CoelhoR. Stress factors in parents of children on the autism spectrum: An integrative model approach.Int. J. Clin. Neurosci. Ment. Health.201964210.21035/ijcnmh.2019.6.2
    [Google Scholar]
  5. BujnowskaA. RodríguezC. GarcíaT. ArecesD. MarshN. Parenting and Future Anxiety: The Impact of Having a Child with Developmental Disabilities.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health201916466810.3390/ijerph1604066830823540
    [Google Scholar]
  6. AlibekovaR. Kai ChanC. CrapeB. KadyrzhanulyK. GusmanovA. AnS. BulekbayevaS. AkhmetzhanovaZ. AinabekovaA. YerubayevZ. YessimkulovaF. BekishevaA. OspanovaZ. RakhimovaM. Stress, anxiety and depression in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders in Kazakhstan: Prevalence and associated factors.Glob. Ment. Health (Camb.)2022947248210.1017/gmh.2022.5136618742
    [Google Scholar]
  7. SajibW.H. NaharJ.S. AlginS. FaruqueS. ArafatM.Y. SonaullahM. Depressive and Anxiety Disorders among the Parents of Autism in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.Mymensingh Med. J.20223141068107236189553
    [Google Scholar]
  8. SoltanifarA. AkbarzadehF. MoharreriF. SoltanifarA. EbrahimiA. MokhberN. MinoocherhrA. Ali NaqviS.S. Comparison of parental stress among mothers and fathers of children with autistic spectrum disorder in Iran.Iran. J. Nurs. Midwifery Res.2015201939825709697
    [Google Scholar]
  9. RiahiF. Izadi-MazidiS. Comparison between the mental health of mothers of children with autism and control group.Iran. J. Psychiatry. Behav. Sci.201262919524644488
    [Google Scholar]
  10. NaharS. ZambelliZ. HalsteadE.J. Risk and protective factors associated with maternal mental health in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder.Res. Dev. Disabil.202213110436210.1016/j.ridd.2022.10436236274394
    [Google Scholar]
  11. AcharyaS. SharmaK. Lived Experiences of Mothers Raising Children with Autism in Chitwan District, Nepal.Autism Res. Treat.2021202111210.1155/2021/661449034782850
    [Google Scholar]
  12. CroweTK FlorezSI Time use of mothers with school-age children: A continuing impact of a child's disability.Am J Occup Ther200660219420310.5014/ajot.60.2.194
    [Google Scholar]
  13. MontesG. HaltermanJ.S. Psychological functioning and coping among mothers of children with autism: A population-based study.Pediatrics20071195e1040e104610.1542/peds.2006‑281917473077
    [Google Scholar]
  14. GoodmanS.H. RouseM.H. ConnellA.M. BrothM.R. HallC.M. HeywardD. Maternal depression and child psychopathology: A meta-analytic review.Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev.201114112710.1007/s10567‑010‑0080‑121052833
    [Google Scholar]
  15. CorscaddenL. CallanderE.J. ToppS.M. Who experiences unmet need for mental health services and what other barriers to accessing health care do they face? Findings from Australia and Canada.Int. J. Health Plann. Manage.201934276177210.1002/hpm.273330657197
    [Google Scholar]
  16. SubicaA.M. AitaotoN. LinkB.G. YamadaA.M. HenwoodB.F. SullivanG. Mental health status, need, and unmet need for mental health services among U.S. pacific islanders.Psychiatr. Serv.201970757858510.1176/appi.ps.20180045530991907
    [Google Scholar]
  17. LovibondP.F. LovibondS.H. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories.Behav. Res. Ther.199533333534310.1016/0005‑7967(94)00075‑U7726811
    [Google Scholar]
  18. KakemamE. NavvabiE. AlbelbeisiA.H. SaeedikiaF. RouhiA. MajidiS. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21) in a sample of health professionals: A cross-sectional study.BMC Health Serv. Res.202222111110.1186/s12913‑022‑07514‑435078477
    [Google Scholar]
  19. SahebiA. AsghariM.J. SalariR.S. Validation of Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) for an Iranian Population.J. Iranian Psychologists2005143654
    [Google Scholar]
  20. KesslerR.C. McGonagleK.A. ZhaoS. NelsonC.B. HughesM. EshlemanS. WittchenH.U. KendlerK.S. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry199451181910.1001/archpsyc.1994.039500100080028279933
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)Affordability most frequent reason for not receiving mental health services. The NSDUH Report. Data Spotlight.Rockville, MDSAMHSA2013
    [Google Scholar]
  22. AlangS.M. Sociodemographic disparities associated with perceived causes of unmet need for mental health care.Psychiatr. Rehabil. J.201538429329910.1037/prj000011325664758
    [Google Scholar]
  23. GreenlandS. MansourniaM.A. AltmanD.G. Sparse data bias: A problem hiding in plain sight.BMJ2016352i198110.1136/bmj.i198127121591
    [Google Scholar]
  24. KoushaM AttarHA ShoarZ 2016Anxiety, depression, and quality of life in Iranian mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder.J Child Health Care20162034051410.1177/1367493515598644
    [Google Scholar]
  25. AlghamdiK. AlahmadiS. SayedahmadA. MoslehH. Psychological Well-Being of Mothers of Children With Autism in Saudi Arabia.Cureus2022143e2328410.7759/cureus.2328435449665
    [Google Scholar]
  26. AnsariA.M.A. JanahiM.I. AlTourahA.J. JahramiH.A. RajabM.B. Self-reported psychological disorders among the mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and typically developed children.J. Neurodev. Disord.20211312110.1186/s11689‑021‑09369‑y34022801
    [Google Scholar]
  27. SelvakumarN. PanickerA.S. Stress and coping styles in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder.Indian J. Psychol. Med.202042322523210.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_333_1932612326
    [Google Scholar]
  28. CodonyM. AlonsoJ. AlmansaJ. BernertS. de GirolamoG. de GraafR. HaroJ.M. KovessV. VilagutG. KesslerR.C. Perceived need for mental health care and service use among adults in Western Europe: Results of the ESEMeD project.Psychiatr. Serv.20096081051105810.1176/ps.2009.60.8.105119648192
    [Google Scholar]
  29. DezetterA. DuhouxA. MenearM. RobergeP. ChartrandE. FournierL. Reasons and determinants for perceiving unmet needs for mental health in primary care in quebec.Can. J. Psychiatry201560628429310.1177/07067437150600060726175326
    [Google Scholar]
  30. RensE. MichielsenJ. DomG. RemmenR. Van den BroeckK. Clinically assessed and perceived unmet mental health needs, health care use and barriers to care for mental health problems in a Belgian general population sample.BMC Psychiatry202222145510.1186/s12888‑022‑04094‑935799153
    [Google Scholar]
  31. WangP.S. LaneM. OlfsonM. PincusH.A. WellsK.B. KesslerR.C. Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry200562662964010.1001/archpsyc.62.6.62915939840
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Evans-LackoS. Aguilar-GaxiolaS. Al-HamzawiA. AlonsoJ. BenjetC. BruffaertsR. ChiuW.T. FlorescuS. de GirolamoG. GurejeO. HaroJ.M. HeY. HuC. KaramE.G. KawakamiN. LeeS. LundC. Kovess-MasfetyV. LevinsonD. Navarro-MateuF. PennellB.E. SampsonN.A. ScottK.M. TachimoriH. ten HaveM. VianaM.C. WilliamsD.R. WojtyniakB.J. ZarkovZ. KesslerR.C. ChatterjiS. ThornicroftG. Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys.Psychol. Med.20184891560157110.1017/S003329171700333629173244
    [Google Scholar]
  33. GhanizadehA ArkanN MohammadiMR Ghanizadeh-ZarchiMA AhmadiJ Frequency of and barriers to utilization of mental health services in an Iranian population.East Mediterr Health J.200814243846
    [Google Scholar]
  34. LeanM. Fornells-AmbrojoM. MiltonA. Lloyd-EvansB. Harrison-StewartB. Yesufu-UdechukuA. KendallT. JohnsonS. Self-management interventions for people with severe mental illness: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Br. J. Psychiatry2019214526026810.1192/bjp.2019.5430898177
    [Google Scholar]
  35. CatalanoD. HollowayL. MpofuE. Mental health interventions for parent carers of children with autistic spectrum disorder: Practice guidelines from a critical interpretive synthesis (CIS) systematic review.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health201815234110.3390/ijerph1502034129443933
    [Google Scholar]
  36. YangJ.C. Roman-UrrestarazuA. McKeeM. BrayneC. Demographic, socioeconomic, and health correlates of unmet need for mental health treatment in the United States, 2002–16: Evidence from the national surveys on drug use and health.Int. J. Equity Health201918112210.1186/s12939‑019‑1026‑y31382979
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cwhr/10.2174/0115734048261079231026044250
Loading
/content/journals/cwhr/10.2174/0115734048261079231026044250
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test