Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
  4. Volume 25, Issue 2
  5. Article
Volume 25, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 1568-0266
  • E-ISSN: 1873-4294

Abstract

Ginseng, a perennial herb belonging to the Araliaceae family, is renowned for its traditional and folk uses. The C.A. Meyer species is predominantly found in Asian countries, including Japan, China, and Korea.

This manuscript offers valuable insights into the cultivation, collection, morphology, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and clinical studies of Ginseng. The data was meticulously gathered from diverse electronic resources, such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science, spanning from 1963 to 2023.

Ginseng contains various bioactive components, including carbohydrates, polyacetylenic alcohols, polysaccharides, ginsenosides, peptides, vitamins, and fatty acids. The biological attributes of ginsenosides, which include anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, render them especially remarkable.

This manuscript comprehensively explores the versatile therapeutic applications of ginseng in the treatment of various types of cancers.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/ctmc/10.2174/0115680266344493241014082257
2024-10-18
2025-05-29

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/ctmc/10.2174/0115680266344493241014082257
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. SantacroceL. TopiS. HaxhirexhaK. HidriS. CharitosI.A. BottalicoL. Medicine and healing in the pre-Socratic thought-a brief analysis of magic and rationalism in ancient herbal therapy.Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets202121228228710.2174/1871530320666200508113728
     [Google Scholar]
  2. PetrovskaB. Historical review of medicinal plants′ usage.Pharmacogn. Rev.20126111510.4103/0973‑7847.95849 22654398
     [Google Scholar]
  3. SantacroceL. BottalicoL. HaxhirexhaK. TopiS. CharitosI.A. Pre-chemistry concepts and medical therapy among ancient physicians through the pre-socratic philosophers.Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets20202091470147710.2174/1871530320666200508115041
     [Google Scholar]
  4. ZhangH. AbidS. AhnJ.C. MathiyalaganR. KimY.J. YangD.C. WangY. Characteristics of Panax ginseng cultivars in Korea and China.Molecules20202511263510.3390/molecules25112635 32517049
     [Google Scholar]
  5. LiZ. WangY. XuQ. MaJ. LiX. TianY. WenY. ChenT. Ginseng and health outcomes: an umbrella review.Front. Pharmacol.202314106926810.3389/fphar.2023.1069268 37465522
     [Google Scholar]
  6. YunT.K. Brief introduction of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.J. Korean Med. Sci.200116Suppl)(Suppl.S3S510.3346/jkms.2001.16.S.S3 11748372
     [Google Scholar]
  7. CoatesP.M. PaulM.C. BlackmanM. BlackmanM.R. CraggG.M. LevineM. WhiteJ.D. MossJ. Eds.; Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements (Online).CRC press200410.1201/b13959
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Cultivation and agrotechnology.Available from: https://library.ihbt.res.in/Institute%20Brochures/Ginseng%20(Panax%20ginseng)%20Cultivation%20and%20agritechnology.pdf(ac cessed on 2-10-2024).
  9. ShahrajabianM.H. SunW. ChengQ. A review of ginseng species in different regions as a multipurpose herb in traditional Chinese medicine, modern herbology and pharmacological science.J. Med. Plants Res.20191310213226
     [Google Scholar]
  10. SzczukaD. NowakA. Zakłos-SzydaM. KochanE. SzymańskaG. MotylI. BlasiakJ. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) as a source of bioactive phytochemicals with pro-health properties.Nutrients2019115104110.3390/nu11051041 31075951
     [Google Scholar]
  11. ChungY.Y. ChungC.M. JoJ.S. Agronomic Characteristics and Chemical Component of Hybrid between Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Panax quinquefolius L.J. Ginseng Res.200327418318710.5142/JGR.2003.27.4.183
     [Google Scholar]
  12. XuJ.D. MaoQ. ShenH. ZhuL.Y. LiS.L. YanR. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photo-diode array and quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry based chemical profiling approach to evaluate the influence of preparation methods on the holistic quality of Qiong-Yu-Gao, a traditional complex herbal medicine.J. Chromatogr. A2013130415416810.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.023 23880467
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Cruse-SandersJ.M. HamrickJ.L. Genetic diversity in harvested and protected populations of wild American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L. (Araliaceae).Am. J. Bot.200491454054810.3732/ajb.91.4.540 21653409
     [Google Scholar]
  14. JiaL. ZhaoY. Current evaluation of the millennium phytomedicine-ginseng (I): etymology, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, market and regulations.Curr. Med. Chem.200916192475248410.2174/092986709788682146 19601793
     [Google Scholar]
  15. QinZ. JiaC. LiaoD. ChenX. LiX. Comparison of serum metabolite changes of radiated mice administered with Panax quinquefolium from different cultivation regions using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS based metabolomic approach.Molecules2018235101410.3390/molecules23051014 29701672
     [Google Scholar]
  16. KangK.H. Ginsenoside concentration and chemical component as affected by harvestin time of four-year ginseng root.Hangug Jagmul Haghoeji2002473216220
     [Google Scholar]
  17. RatanZ.A. HaidereM.F. HongY.H. ParkS.H. LeeJ.O. LeeJ. ChoJ.Y. Pharmacological potential of ginseng and its major component ginsenosides.J. Ginseng Res.202145219921010.1016/j.jgr.2020.02.004 33841000
     [Google Scholar]
  18. OvodovY.S. Solov’evaT.F. Polysaccharides ofPanax ginseng.Chem. Nat. Compd.19662524324510.1007/BF00566981
     [Google Scholar]
  19. TomodaM. TakedaK. ShimizuN. GondaR. OharaN. TakadaK. HirabayashiK. Characterization of two acidic polysaccharides having immunological activities from the root of Panax ginseng.Biol. Pharm. Bull.1993161222510.1248/bpb.16.22 8369746
     [Google Scholar]
  20. BaekS.H. LeeJ.G. ParkS.Y. BaeO.N. KimD.H. ParkJ.H. Pectic polysaccharides from Panax ginseng as the antirotavirus principals in ginseng.Biomacromolecules20101182044205210.1021/bm100397p 20597500
     [Google Scholar]
  21. WanD. JiaoL. YangH. LiuS. Structural characterization and immunological activities of the water-soluble oligosaccharides isolated from the Panax ginseng roots.Planta201223561289129710.1007/s00425‑011‑1574‑x 22183124
     [Google Scholar]
  22. RuW. WangD. XuY. HeX. SunY.E. QianL. ZhouX. QinY. Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Panax ginseng (CA Mey.).Drug Discov. Ther.201592332
     [Google Scholar]
  23. ParkJ.D. RheeD.K. LeeY.H. Biological activities and chemistry of saponins from Panax ginseng CA Meyer.Phytochem. Rev.200542-315917510.1007/s11101‑005‑2835‑8
     [Google Scholar]
  24. RyuJ.H. ParkJ.H. EunJ.H. JungJ.H. SohnD.H. A dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng.Phytochemistry199744593193310.1016/S0031‑9422(96)00661‑9 9214776
     [Google Scholar]
  25. HanB.H. ParkM.H. HanY.N. WooL.K. Alkaloidal components ofPanax ginseng.Arch. Pharm. Res.198691212310.1007/BF02857702
     [Google Scholar]
  26. HanY.N. RyuS.Y. HanB.H. WooL.K. Spinacine fromPanax ginseng.Arch. Pharm. Res.198710425825910.1007/BF02857750
     [Google Scholar]
  27. ParkJ.D. KimM.W. YooS.J. WeeJ.J. Chemical studies on the ether-soluble alkaloidal fraction of Panax ginseng. Isolation of 1-carbobutoxy-$\beta $-carboline and l-carbomethoxy-$\beta $- carboline.Arch. pharmacal research.1987103197199
     [Google Scholar]
  28. ParkJ.D. KimM.W. YooS.J. WeeJ.J. A thiazole and two β-carboline constitutents fromPanax ginseng.Arch. Pharm. Res.1988111525510.1007/BF02884768
     [Google Scholar]
  29. MatsuuraH. HiraoY. YoshidaS. KunihiroK. FuwaT. KasaiR. TanakaO. Study of red ginseng: New glucosides and a note on the occurrence of maltol.Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo)198432114674467710.1248/cpb.32.4674
     [Google Scholar]
  30. HanB.H. ParkM.H. HanY.N. Isolation of isomaltol-α-d-glucopyranoside1 and ketopropyl-α-d-glucopyranoside2 from Korean red ginseng.Arch. Pharm. Res.19858425726010.1007/BF02856500
     [Google Scholar]
  31. HanB.H. ParkM.H. WooL.K. WooW.S. HanY.N. Antioxidant Components of Korean Ginseng.Korean Biochem. J.19791233
     [Google Scholar]
  32. HanB.H. ParkM.H. HanY.N. Studies on the antioxidant components of Korean ginseng (III).Arch. Pharm. Res.198141535810.1007/BF02856441
     [Google Scholar]
  33. AhnY.N. LeeY.S. ChoungM.G. ChoiK.J. KangK.H. Ginsenoside contentration and chemical component as affected by harvest time of four-year Ginseng.Hangug Jagmul Haghoeji200247216220
     [Google Scholar]
  34. KoS.R. ChoiK.J. KimH.J. Comparison of proximate composition, mineral nutrient, amino acid and free sugar contents of several Panax species. Korean Journal of Ginseng Science.Korea Republic1996
     [Google Scholar]
  35. SohnK.M. ChoY.J. ChoiC. SungT.S. LeeK.S. Lipids and free sugar composition in ginseng classified by years. Journal of the Korean Agricultural Chemical Society.Korea R.1988
     [Google Scholar]
  36. WangJ. ZhangL. ZhaoY. ChenW. YangQ. WangY. Volatile oil contents and their variation law of RADIX ET RHIZOMA GINSENG in Changbai Mountain areas.Med. Plant2011234051
     [Google Scholar]
  37. XiaP. LiJ. WangR. ZhangY. GuoH. YanX. LiuY. LiangZ. Comparative study on volatile oils of four Panax genus species in Southeast Asia by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.Ind. Crops Prod.20157447848410.1016/j.indcrop.2015.05.059
     [Google Scholar]
  38. KoS.R. ChoiK.J. KimH.J. Comparison of proximate composition, mineral nutrient, amino acid and free sugar contents of several Panax species. Korean Journal of Ginseng Science.Korea Republic1996
     [Google Scholar]
  39. ShinJ.Y. ParkH.J. LimS.C. JungW.T. Quantitative comparison of ginsenosides and nitrogen compounds in Korean ginsengs and related origin.Korean J. Pharmacogn.1996271614
     [Google Scholar]
  40. LeeJ.W. DoJ.H. Current studies on browning reaction products and acidic polysaccharide in Korean red ginseng.J. Ginseng Res.2006301414810.5142/JGR.2006.30.1.041
     [Google Scholar]
  41. WashidaD. KitanakaS. Determination of polyacetylenes and ginsenosides in Panax species using high performance liquid chromatography.Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo)200351111314131710.1248/cpb.51.1314 14600381
     [Google Scholar]
  42. XiangY.Z. ShangH.C. GaoX.M. ZhangB.L. A Comparison of the ancient use of ginseng in traditional Chinese medicine with modern pharmacological experiments and clinical trials.Phytother. Res.200822785185810.1002/ptr.2384 18567057
     [Google Scholar]
  43. LiuJ.H. LeeC.S. LeungK.M. YanZ.K. ShenB.H. ZhaoZ.Z. JiangZ.H. Quantification of two polyacetylenes in Radix Ginseng and roots of related Panax species using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method.J. Agric. Food Chem.200755228830883510.1021/jf070735o 17722935
     [Google Scholar]
  44. ParkJ. ChoJ. Anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng and their structural analogs.Afr. J. Biotechnol.2009816
     [Google Scholar]
  45. ImD.S. Pro-resolving effect of ginsenosides as an anti-inflammatory mechanism of Panax ginseng.Biomolecules202010344410.3390/biom10030444 32183094
     [Google Scholar]
  46. KimJ.H. YiY.S. KimM.Y. ChoJ.Y. Role of ginsenosides, the main active components of Panax ginseng, in inflammatory responses and diseases.J. Ginseng Res.201741443544310.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.004 29021688
     [Google Scholar]
  47. HanS.Y. KimJ. KimE. KimS.H. SeoD.B. KimJ.H. ShinS.S. ChoJ.Y. AKT-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Panax ginseng calyx ethanolic extract.J. Ginseng Res.201842449650310.1016/j.jgr.2017.06.003 30337810
     [Google Scholar]
  48. ChenS. WangZ. HuangY. O’BarrS.A. WongR.A. YeungS. ChowM.S. Ginseng and anticancer drug combination to improve cancer chemotherapy: A critical review.Evid. Based Compl. Alter. Med.2014201416894010.1155/2014/168940
     [Google Scholar]
  49. SunM. YeY. XiaoL. DuanX. ZhangY. ZhangH. Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review).Int. J. Mol. Med.201739350751810.3892/ijmm.2017.2857 28098857
     [Google Scholar]
  50. NagS.A. QinJ.J. WangW. WangM.H. WangH. ZhangR. Ginsenosides as anticancer agents: In vitro and in vivo activities, structure–activity relationships, and molecular mechanisms of action.Front. Pharmacol.201232510.3389/fphar.2012.00025 22403544
     [Google Scholar]
  51. BrayF. FerlayJ. SoerjomataramI. SiegelR.L. TorreL.A. JemalA. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.CA Cancer J. Clin.201868639442410.3322/caac.21492 30207593
     [Google Scholar]
  52. SchabathM.B. CoteM.L. Cancer progress and priorities: lung cancer.Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.201928101563157910.1158/1055‑9965.EPI‑19‑0221 31575553
     [Google Scholar]
  53. YuJ.S. RohH.S. BaekK.H. LeeS. KimS. SoH.M. MoonE. PangC. JangT.S. KimK.H. Bioactivity-guided isolation of ginsenosides from Korean Red Ginseng with cytotoxic activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cells.J. Ginseng Res.201842456257010.1016/j.jgr.2018.02.004 30337817
     [Google Scholar]
  54. YooH.S. KimJ.M. JoE. ChoC.K. LeeS.Y. KangH.S. LeeM.G. YangP.Y. JangI.S. Modified Panax ginseng extract regulates autophagy by AMPK signaling in A549 human lung cancer cells.Oncol. Rep.20173763287329610.3892/or.2017.5590 28440448
     [Google Scholar]
  55. HwangI.H. KwonY.K. ChoC.K. LeeY.W. SungJ.S. JooJ.C. LeeK.B. YooH.S. JangI.S. Modified Panax ginseng extract inhibits uPAR-mediated α 5 β1-integrin signaling by modulating caveolin-1 to induce early apoptosis in lung cancer cells.Am. J. Chin. Med.20164451081109710.1142/S0192415X16500609 27430913
     [Google Scholar]
  56. LeeD.G. JangS.I. KimY.R. YangK.E. YoonS.J. LeeZ.W. AnH.J. JangI.S. ChoiJ.S. YooH.S. Anti-proliferative effects of ginsenosides extracted from mountain ginseng on lung cancer.Chin. J. Integr. Med.201622534435210.1007/s11655‑014‑1789‑8 25159864
     [Google Scholar]
  57. JiangS. LiuH. LiuZ. LiuN. LiuR. KangY.R. JiJ.G. ZhangC. HuaB. KangS.J. Adjuvant effects of fermented red ginseng extract on advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with chemotherapy.Chin. J. Integr. Med.201723533133710.1007/s11655‑015‑2146‑x 26142337
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Rubio-PatiñoC. BossowskiJ.P. De DonatisG.M. MondragónL. VillaE. AiraL.E. ChicheJ. MhaidlyR. LebeaupinC. MarchettiS. VoutetakisK. ChatziioannouA. CastelliF.A. LamouretteP. Chu-VanE. FenailleF. AvrilT. PasseronT. PattersonJ.B. VerhoeyenE. Bailly-MaitreB. ChevetE. RicciJ.E. Low-protein diet induces IRE1α-dependent anticancer immunosurveillance.Cell Metab.2018274828842.e710.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.009 29551590
     [Google Scholar]
  59. GeG. YanY. CaiH. Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibited proliferation by inducing ROS mediated ER stress dependent apoptosis in lung cancer cells.Biol. Pharm. Bull.201740122117212410.1248/bpb.b17‑00463 28966297
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Cancer. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer (accessed on 2-10-2024)
  61. SongB.K. KimK.M. ChoiK.D. ImW.T. Production of the rare ginsenoside Rh2-MIX (20 (S)-Rh2, 20 (R)-Rh2, Rk2, and Rh3) by enzymatic conversion combined with acid treatment and evaluation of its anti-cancer activity.J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.20172771233124110.4014/jmb.1701.01077 28478658
     [Google Scholar]
  62. KwakJ.H. ParkJ.Y. LeeD. KwakJ.Y. ParkE.H. KimK.H. ParkH.J. KimH.Y. JangH.J. HamJ. HwangG.S. YamabeN. KangK.S. Inhibitory effects of ginseng sapogenins on the proliferation of triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells.Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.201424235409541210.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.041 25453798
     [Google Scholar]
  63. ShibataS. FujitaM. ItokawaH. TanakaO. IshiiT. Studies on the Constituents of Japanese and Chinese Crude Drugs. XI. Panaxadiol, A Sapogenin of Ginseng Roots. (1).Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo)196311675976110.1248/cpb.11.759 14068710
     [Google Scholar]
  64. OhJ. JeonS.B. LeeY. LeeH. KimJ. KwonB.R. YuK.Y. ChaJ.D. HwangS.M. ChoiK.M. JeongY.S. Fermented red ginseng extract inhibits cancer cell proliferation and viability.J. Med. Food201518442142810.1089/jmf.2014.3248 25658580
     [Google Scholar]
  65. WenX. ZhangH.D. ZhaoL. YaoY.F. ZhaoJ.H. TangJ.H. Ginsenoside Rh2 differentially mediates microRNA expression to prevent chemoresistance of breast cancer.APJCP201516311051109 25735339
     [Google Scholar]
  66. AL.Shabanah O.A.; Alotaibi, M.R.; Al Rejaie, S.S.; Alhoshani, A.R.; Almutairi, M.M.; Alshammari, M.A.; Hafez, M.M. Inhibitory effect of ginseng on breast cancer cell line growth via up-regulation of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, p21 and p53.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP.2016171149654971 28032724
     [Google Scholar]
  67. GaoQ. ZhengJ. Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits prostate cancer cell growth through suppression of micro RNA ‐4295 that activates CDKN 1A.Cell Prolif.2018513e1243810.1111/cpr.12438 29457293
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Tong-Lin WuT. TongY.C. ChenI.H. NiuH.S. LiY. ChengJ.T. Induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer by ginsenoside Rh2.Oncotarget2018913111091111810.18632/oncotarget.24326 29541400
     [Google Scholar]
  69. ZhangQ. HongB. WuS. NiuT. Inhibition of prostatic cancer growth by ginsenoside Rh2.Tumour Biol.20153642377238110.1007/s13277‑014‑2845‑5 25416441
     [Google Scholar]
  70. JinX. CheD. ZhangZ. YanH. JiaZ. JiaX. Ginseng consumption and risk of cancer: A meta-analysis.J. Ginseng Res.201640326927710.1016/j.jgr.2015.08.007 27616903
     [Google Scholar]
  71. HwangJ.W. BaekY.M. JangI.S. YangK.E. LeeD.G. YoonS.J. RhoJ. ChoC.K. LeeY.W. KwonK.R. YooH.S. SungJ.S. KimS. ParkJ.W. JangB.C. ChoiJ.S. An enzymatically fortified ginseng extract inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of KATO3 human gastric cancer cells via modulation of Bax, mTOR, PKB and IκBα.Mol. Med. Rep.201511167067610.3892/mmr.2014.2704 25333578
     [Google Scholar]
  72. HuangJ. PengK. WangL. WenB. ZhouL. LuoT. SuM. LiJ. LuoZ. Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells via TNF-α signaling pathway.Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. (Shanghai)201648875075510.1093/abbs/gmw049 27177748
     [Google Scholar]
  73. WangB.Y. YangX.Q. HuM. ShiL.J. YinH.Y. WuY.M. YangY.B. ZhouH. DingZ.T. Biotransformation of natural polyacetylene in red ginseng by Chaetomium globosum.J. Ginseng Res.202044677077410.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.007 33192119
     [Google Scholar]
  74. ChristensenL.P. JensenM. KidmoseU. Simultaneous determination of ginsenosides and polyacetylenes in American ginseng root (Panax quinquefolium L.) by high-performance liquid chromatography.J. Agric. Food Chem.200654248995900310.1021/jf062068p 17117783
     [Google Scholar]
  75. KimR. SonS.R. LeeN.K. KimJ.Y. AnG. ChoiJ.H. JangD.S. Cytotoxic Properties of C17 Polyacetylenes from the Fresh Roots of Panax ginseng on Human Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells.Molecules20222720702710.3390/molecules27207027 36296616
     [Google Scholar]
  76. NgF. YunH. LeiX. DanishefskyS.J. FaheyJ. StephensonK. FlexnerC. LeeL. (3R,9R,10R)-Panaxytriol: a molecular-based nutraceutical with possible application to cancer prevention and treatment.Tetrahedron Lett.200849507178717910.1016/j.tetlet.2008.09.169 20011028
     [Google Scholar]
  77. WuW. ZhouQ. ZhaoW. GongY. SuA. LiuF. LiuY. LiZ. ZhuJ. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibition of thyroid cancer metastasis is associated with alternation of actin skeleton.J. Med. Food201821984985710.1089/jmf.2017.4144 30136914
     [Google Scholar]
  78. LiuT. ZhaoL. ZhangY. ChenW. LiuD. HouH. DingL. LiX. Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 targets HIF-1α to block hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer cells.PLoS One201499e10388710.1371/journal.pone.0103887 25197976
     [Google Scholar]
  79. LeeJ.S. KoE.J. HwangH.S. LeeY.N. KwonY.M. KimM.C. KangS.M. Antiviral activity of ginseng extract against respiratory syncytial virus infection.Int. J. Mol. Med.201434118319010.3892/ijmm.2014.1750 24756136
     [Google Scholar]
  80. ChoiJ.G. JinY.H. LeeH. OhT.W. YimN.H. ChoW.K. MaJ.Y. Protective effect of Panax notoginseng root water extract against influenza A virus infection by enhancing antiviral interferon-mediated immune responses and natural killer cell activity.Front. Immunol.20178154210.3389/fimmu.2017.01542 29181006
     [Google Scholar]
  81. XueP. YangX. SunX. RenG. Antifungal activity and mechanism of heat-transformed ginsenosides from notoginseng against Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.RSC Advances2017718109391094610.1039/C6RA27542G
     [Google Scholar]
  82. MeskiniM. MohammadbeigiM. SolatiJ. AlimoradiS. Antibacterial and antifungal effect of ginseng powder.Eleventh International Laboratory and Clinical Congress2019Jan 16, Tehran, Iran13621
     [Google Scholar]
  83. UttaraB. SinghA. ZamboniP. MahajanR. Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options.Curr. Neuropharmacol.200971657410.2174/157015909787602823 19721819
     [Google Scholar]
  84. GauR.J. YangH.L. SuenJ.L. LuF.J. Induction of oxidative stress by humic acid through increasing intracellular iron: a possible mechanism leading to atherothrombotic vascular disorder in blackfoot disease.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.2001283474374910.1006/bbrc.2001.4832 11350046
     [Google Scholar]
  85. DandonaP. AljadaA. ChaudhuriA. MohantyP. GargR. Metabolic Syndrome.Circulation2005111111448145410.1161/01.CIR.0000158483.13093.9D 15781756
     [Google Scholar]
  86. CeruttiP. AmstadP. Inflammation and oxidative stress in carcinogenesis.Proceedings of the 2nd International ConferenceSeptember 17–21, 1991Berlin, FRG387390
     [Google Scholar]
  87. GiustariniD. Dalle-DonneI. TsikasD. RossiR. Oxidative stress and human diseases: Origin, link, measurement, mechanisms, and biomarkers.Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci.2009465-624128110.3109/10408360903142326 19958214
     [Google Scholar]
  88. FengX. ZhangL. ZhuH. Comparative anticancer and antioxidant activities of different ingredients of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761).Planta Med.200975879279610.1055/s‑0029‑1185451 19288403
     [Google Scholar]
  89. LeeY.M. GweonO.C. SeoY.J. ImJ. KangM.J. KimM.J. KimJ.I. Antioxidant effect of garlic and aged black garlic in animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Nutr. Res. Pract.20093215616110.4162/nrp.2009.3.2.156 20016716
     [Google Scholar]
  90. KobayashiH. TanakaY. AsagiriK. AsakawaT. TanikawaK. KageM. YagiM. The antioxidant effect of green tea catechin ameliorates experimental liver injury.Phytomedicine2010173-419720210.1016/j.phymed.2009.12.006 20092986
     [Google Scholar]
  91. ChisI.C. UngureanuM.I. MartonA. SimedreaR. MuresanA. PostescuI.D. DeceaN. Antioxidant effects of a grape seed extract in a rat model of diabetes mellitus.Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res.20096320020410.1177/1479164109336692 20368212
     [Google Scholar]
  92. ParkS.K. HyunS.H. InG. ParkC.K. KwakY.S. JangY.J. KimB. KimJ.H. HanC.K. The antioxidant activities of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng) and ginsenosides: A systemic review through in vivo and clinical trials.J. Ginseng Res.2021451414710.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.006 33437155
     [Google Scholar]
  93. LeeB.C. ChoeY.M. SuhG.H. ChoiI.G. KimH.S. HwangJ. YiD. JhooJ.H. KimJ.W. Ginseng intake and Alzheimer disease-specific cognition in older adults according to apolipoprotein ε4 allele status.Front. Aging Neurosci.202315115262610.3389/fnagi.2023.1152626 37122382
     [Google Scholar]
  94. BermejoP. Martín-AragónS. BenedíJ. SusínC. FeliciE. GilP. Manuel RiberaJ. VillarÁ.M. Peripheral levels of glutathione and protein oxidation as markers in the development of Alzheimer’s disease from Mild Cognitive Impairment.Free Radic. Res.200842216217010.1080/10715760701861373 18297609
     [Google Scholar]
  95. ReayJ.L. KennedyD.O. ScholeyA.B. Single doses of Panax ginseng (G115) reduce blood glucose levels and improve cognitive performance during sustained mental activity.J. Psychopharmacol.200519435736510.1177/0269881105053286 15982990
     [Google Scholar]
  96. KimS. ParkK.S. Effects of Panax ginseng extract on lipid metabolism in humans.Pharmacol. Res.200348551151310.1016/S1043‑6618(03)00189‑0 12967598
     [Google Scholar]
  97. KanJ. VelliquetteR.A. GrannK. BurnsC.R. ScholtenJ. TianF. ZhangQ. GuiM. A novel botanical formula prevents diabetes by improving insulin resistance.BMC Complement. Altern. Med.201717135210.1186/s12906‑017‑1848‑3 28679380
     [Google Scholar]
  98. FuY. JiL.L. Chronic ginseng consumption attenuates age-associated oxidative stress in rats.J. Nutr.2003133113603360910.1093/jn/133.11.3603 14608081
     [Google Scholar]
  99. LuoJ.Z. LuoL. Ginseng on hyperglycemia: effects and mechanisms.Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.20096442342710.1093/ecam/nem178 18955300
     [Google Scholar]
  100. ZhangL. VirgousC. SiH. Ginseng and obesity: observations and understanding in cultured cells, animals and humans.J. Nutr. Biochem.20174411010.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.11.010 27930947
     [Google Scholar]
  101. LiuW. ZhengY. HanL. WangH. SaitoM. LingM. KimuraY. FengY. Saponins (Ginsenosides) from stems and leaves of Panax quinquefolium prevented high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice.Phytomedicine200815121140114510.1016/j.phymed.2008.07.002 18768305
     [Google Scholar]
  102. LiuR. ZhangJ.Z. LiuW.C. ZhengY.N. Anti-obesity effects of protopanaxatriol type ginsenosides isolated from American ginseng leaves in mice fed a high-fat diet.Int. J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci.20126106112
     [Google Scholar]
  103. HwangJ.T. LeeM.S. KimH.J. SungM.J. KimH.Y. KimM.S. KwonD.Y. Antiobesity effect of ginsenoside Rg3 involves the AMPK and PPAR‐ γ signal pathways.Phytother. Res.200923226226610.1002/ptr.2606 18844326
     [Google Scholar]
  104. LiZ. JiG.E. Ginseng and obesity.J. Ginseng Res.20184211810.1016/j.jgr.2016.12.005 29348715
     [Google Scholar]
  105. WuG. YiJ. LiuL. WangP. ZhangZ. LiZ. Pseudoginsenoside F11, a novel partial PPARγ agonist, promotes adiponectin oligomerization and secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.PPAR Res.201320131810.1155/2013/701017 24454336
     [Google Scholar]
  106. ZhuL. LiJ. XingN. HanD. KuangH. GeP. American ginseng regulates gene expression to protect against premature ovarian failure in rats.BioMed Res. Int.201520151810.1155/2015/767124 25705687
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Fernández-MorianoC. González-BurgosE. IglesiasI. LozanoR. Gómez-SerranillosM.P. Evaluation of the adaptogenic potential exerted by ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 against oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity in an in vitro neuronal model.PLoS One2017128e018293310.1371/journal.pone.0182933 28813475
     [Google Scholar]
  108. VuksanV. SievenpipperJ. JovanovskiE. JenkinsA.L. Current clinical evidence for Korean red ginseng in management of diabetes and vascular disease: a Toronto’s Ginseng Clinical Testing Program.J. Ginseng Res.201034426427310.5142/jgr.2010.34.4.264
     [Google Scholar]
  109. ParkB.J. LeeY.J. LeeH.R. JungD.H. NaH.Y. KimH.B. ShimJ.Y. Effects of Korean red ginseng on cardiovascular risks in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a double-blind randomized controlled study.Korean J. Fam. Med.201233419019610.4082/kjfm.2012.33.4.190 22916320
     [Google Scholar]
  110. RatanZ.A. YounS.H. KwakY.S. HanC.K. HaidereM.F. KimJ.K. MinH. JungY.J. HosseinzadehH. HyunS.H. ChoJ.Y. Adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng on modulation of immune functions.J. Ginseng Res.2021451324010.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.004 33437154
     [Google Scholar]
  111. HyunS.H. AhnH.Y. KimH.J. KimS.W. SoS.H. In, G.; Park, C.K.; Han, C.K. Immuno-enhancement effects of Korean Red Ginseng in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.J. Ginseng Res.202145119119810.1016/j.jgr.2020.08.003 33437171
     [Google Scholar]
  112. KimJ.H. KimD.H. JoS. ChoM.J. ChoY.R. LeeY.J. ByunS. Immunomodulatory functional foods and their molecular mechanisms.Exp. Mol. Med.202254111110.1038/s12276‑022‑00724‑0 35079119
     [Google Scholar]
  113. YangY. JuZ. YangY. ZhangY. YangL. WangZ. Phytochemical analysis of Panax species: a review.J. Ginseng Res.202145112110.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.009 33437152
     [Google Scholar]
  114. ImK. KimJ. MinH. Ginseng, the natural effectual antiviral: Protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng against viral infection.J. Ginseng Res.201640430931410.1016/j.jgr.2015.09.002 27746682
     [Google Scholar]
  115. YooD.G. KimM.C. ParkM.K. SongJ.M. QuanF.S. ParkK.M. ChoY.K. KangS.M. Protective effect of Korean red ginseng extract on the infections by H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses in mice.J. Med. Food2012151085586210.1089/jmf.2012.0017 22856395
     [Google Scholar]
  116. ParkE.H. YumJ. KuK.B. KimH.M. KangY.M. KimJ.C. KimJ.A. KangY.K. SeoS.H. Red Ginseng-containing diet helps to protect mice and ferrets from the lethal infection by highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus.J. Ginseng Res.2014381404610.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.012 24558309
     [Google Scholar]
  117. LeeC.S. LeeJ.H. OhM. ChoiK.M. JeongM.R. ParkJ.D. KwonD.Y. HaK.C. ParkE.O. LeeN. KimS.Y. ChoiE.K. KimM.G. ChaeS.W. Preventive effect of Korean red ginseng for acute respiratory illness: a randomized and double-blind clinical trial.J. Korean Med. Sci.201227121472147810.3346/jkms.2012.27.12.1472 23255845
     [Google Scholar]
  118. LeeS.O. LeeS. KimS.J. RheeD.K. Korean Red Ginseng enhances pneumococcal Δpep27 vaccine efficacy by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production.J. Ginseng Res.201943221822510.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.007 30962736
     [Google Scholar]
  119. XuM.L. KimH.J. ChoiY.R. KimH.J. Intake of korean red ginseng extract and saponin enhances the protection conferred by vaccination with inactivated influenza a virus.J. Ginseng Res.201236439640210.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.396 23717142
     [Google Scholar]
  120. FeikinD.R. HigdonM.M. Abu-RaddadL.J. AndrewsN. AraosR. GoldbergY. GroomeM.J. HuppertA. O’BrienK.L. SmithP.G. Wilder-SmithA. ZegerS. Deloria KnollM. PatelM.K. Duration of effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease: results of a systematic review and meta-regression.Lancet20223991032892494410.1016/S0140‑6736(22)00152‑0 35202601
     [Google Scholar]
  121. CronkiteD.A. StruttT.M. The regulation of inflammation by innate and adaptive lymphocytes.J. Immunol. Res.20182018146753810.1155/2018/1467538
     [Google Scholar]
  122. ZhaoL. ZhangT. ZhangK. Pharmacological effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on intestinal inflammation and the immune system.Front. Immunol.202415135361410.3389/fimmu.2024.1353614 38698858
     [Google Scholar]
  123. SabaE. LeeY.Y. KimM. KimS.H. HongS.B. RheeM.H. A comparative study on immune-stimulatory and antioxidant activities of various types of ginseng extracts in murine and rodent models.J. Ginseng Res.201842457758410.1016/j.jgr.2018.07.004 30344431
     [Google Scholar]
  124. JungJ.H. KangT.K. OhJ.H. JeongJ.U. KoK.P. KimS.T. The effect of Korean red ginseng on symptoms and inflammation in patients with allergic rhinitis.Ear Nose Throat J.20211005_suppl)(Suppl.712S719S10.1177/0145561320907172 32070136
     [Google Scholar]
  125. KangS.W. MinH.Y. Ginseng, the’immunity boost’: the effects of Panax ginseng on immune system.J. Ginseng Res.201236435436810.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.354 23717137
     [Google Scholar]
  126. ChoI.H. Effects of Panax ginseng in neurodegenerative diseases.J. Ginseng Res.201236434235310.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.342 23717136
     [Google Scholar]
  127. RheeM.Y. ChoB. KimK.I. KimJ. KimM.K. LeeE.K. KimH.J. KimC.H. Blood pressure lowering effect of Korea ginseng derived ginseol K-g1.Am. J. Chin. Med.201442360561810.1142/S0192415X14500396 24871654
     [Google Scholar]
  128. KimH.J. KimP. ShinC.Y. A comprehensive review of the therapeutic and pharmacological effects of ginseng and ginsenosides in central nervous system.J. Ginseng Res.201337182910.5142/jgr.2013.37.8 23717153
     [Google Scholar]
  129. FangF. ChenX. HuangT. LueL.F. LuddyJ.S. YanS.S. Multi-faced neuroprotective effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 in an Alzheimer mouse model.Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis.20121822228629210.1016/j.bbadis.2011.10.004 22015470
     [Google Scholar]
  130. GongL. LiS.L. LiH. ZhangL. Ginsenoside Rg1 protects primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons from cell apoptosis induced by β-amyloid protein.Pharm. Biol.201149550150710.3109/13880209.2010.521514 21438847
     [Google Scholar]
  131. ZhangH. LiuY. LaoM. MaZ. YiX. Puerarin protects Alzheimer’s disease neuronal cybrids from oxidant-stress induced apoptosis by inhibiting pro-death signaling pathways.Exp. Gerontol.2011461303710.1016/j.exger.2010.09.013 20933077
     [Google Scholar]
  132. LeeB. SurB. ParkJ. KimS.H. KwonS. YeomM. ShimI. LeeH. HahmD.H. Ginsenoside rg3 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced learning and memory impairments by anti-inflammatory activity in rats.Biomol. Ther. (Seoul)201321538139010.4062/biomolther.2013.053 24244826
     [Google Scholar]
  133. ZhaoR. ZhangZ. SongY. WangD. QiJ. WenS. Implication of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3β pathway in ginsenoside Rb1's attenuation of beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity and tau phosphorylation.J. Ethnopharmacol.133311091116
     [Google Scholar]
  134. HeoJ.H. LeeS.T. OhM.J. ParkH.J. ShimJ.Y. ChuK. KimM.H. Improvement of cognitive deficit in Alzheimer’s disease patients by long term treatment with korean red ginseng.J. Ginseng Res.201135445746110.5142/jgr.2011.35.4.457 23717092
     [Google Scholar]
  135. ShinS.J. JeonS.G. KimJ. JeongY. KimS. ParkY.H. LeeS.K. ParkH.H. HongS.B. OhS. HwangJ. KimH. ParkH. NamY. LeeY.Y. KimJ.J. ParkS.H. KimJ.S. MoonM. Red ginseng attenuates Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and Aβ-mediated pathology in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease.Int. J. Mol. Sci.20192012303010.3390/ijms20123030 31234321
     [Google Scholar]
  136. KimJ. KimS.H. LeeD.S. LeeD.J. KimS.H. ChungS. YangH.O. Effects of fermented ginseng on memory impairment and β-amyloid reduction in Alzheimer’s disease experimental models.J. Ginseng Res.201337110010710.5142/jgr.2013.37.100 23717163
     [Google Scholar]
  137. ChoiJ.G. KimN. HuhE. LeeH. OhM.H. ParkJ.D. PyoM.K. OhM.S. White Ginseng Protects Mouse Hippocampal Cells Against Amyloid-Beta Oligomer Toxicity.Phytother. Res.201731349750610.1002/ptr.5776 28112442
     [Google Scholar]
  138. YangY. WangZ. CaoY. LiuJ. LiP. LiH. LiuM. Yizhiqingxin formula alleviates cognitive deficits and enhances autophagy via mTOR signaling pathway modulation in early onset alzheimer’s disease mice.Front. Pharmacol.201910104110.3389/fphar.2019.01041 31607908
     [Google Scholar]
  139. MaL. CaoY. WangF. LiZ. WangZ. YangY. PeiH. LiH. RETRACTED: Yizhi Qingxin Formula Extract Ameliorates Cognitive Decline in Aged Rats via the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase B Pathway.Front. Pharmacol.20201151010.3389/fphar.2020.00510 32425777
     [Google Scholar]
  140. WuQ. CaoY. LiuM. LiuF. BrantnerA.H. YangY. WeiY. ZhouY. WangZ. MaL. WangF. PeiH. LiH. Traditional Chinese medicine shenmayizhi decoction ameliorates memory and cognitive impairment induced by scopolamine via preventing hippocampal cholinergic dysfunction in rats.Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat.2019153167317610.2147/NDT.S214976 31814724
     [Google Scholar]
  141. SeoJ.S. YunJ.H. BaekI.S. LeemY.H. KangH.W. ChoH.K. LyuY.S. SonH.J. HanP.L. Oriental medicine Jangwonhwan reduces Aβ(1–42) level and β-amyloid deposition in the brain of Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer disease.J. Ethnopharmacol.2010128120621210.1016/j.jep.2010.01.014 20079417
     [Google Scholar]
  142. BellL. WhyteA. DuysburghC. MarzoratiM. Van den AbbeeleP. Le CozannetR. Fança-BerthonP. FromentinE. WilliamsC. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigating the acute and chronic benefits of American Ginseng (Cereboost®) on mood and cognition in healthy young adults, including in vitro investigation of gut microbiota changes as a possible mechanism of action.Eur. J. Nutr.202261141342810.1007/s00394‑021‑02654‑5 34396468
     [Google Scholar]
  143. WangW. YangL. SongL. GuoM. LiC. YangB. WangM. KouN. GaoJ. QuH. MaY. XueM. ShiD. Combination of Panax notoginseng saponins and aspirin potentiates platelet inhibition with alleviated gastric injury via modulating arachidonic acid metabolism.Biomed. Pharmacother.202113411116510.1016/j.biopha.2020.111165 33370633
     [Google Scholar]
  144. HamidianM. ForoughiniaF. YousefiM. HaghighatS. HaemE. Effects of Panax Ginseng on Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial Ginseng for HRQOL in Breast Cancer.Nutr. Cancer20237561429143710.1080/01635581.2023.2181735 37218691
     [Google Scholar]
  145. BessellE. FullerN.R. MarkovicT.P. LauN.S. BurkJ. HendyC. PiconeT. LiA. CatersonI.D. Effects of α-cyclodextrin on cholesterol control and hydrolyzed ginseng extract on glycemic control in people with prediabetes: A randomized clinical trial.JAMA Netw. Open2020311e202349110.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23491 33201232
     [Google Scholar]
  146. VuksanV. XuZ.Z. JovanovskiE. JenkinsA.L. Beljan-ZdravkovicU. SievenpiperJ.L. Mark StavroP. ZurbauA. DuvnjakL. LiM.Z.C. Efficacy and safety of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) extract on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, randomized, cross-over clinical trial.Eur. J. Nutr.20195831237124510.1007/s00394‑018‑1642‑0 29478187
     [Google Scholar]
  147. GhorbaniZ. MirghafourvandM. Farshbaf KhaliliA. JavadzadehY. ShakouriS.K. Dastranj TabriziA. The Effect of <b><i>Panax ginseng</i></b> on Genitourinary Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.Complement. Med. Res.202128541942610.1159/000514944 33730722
     [Google Scholar]
  148. FarniaV. AlikhaniM. EbrahimiA. GolshaniS. Sadeghi BahmaniD. BrandS. Ginseng treatment improves the sexual side effects of methadone maintenance treatment.Psychiatry Res.201927614215010.1016/j.psychres.2019.05.004 31082749
     [Google Scholar]
  149. ZhangY. WangX.Q. LiuH. LiuJ. HouW. LinH.S. [A multicenter, large-sample, randomized clinical trial on improving the median survival time of advanced non-small cell lung cancer by combination of Ginseng Rg3 and chemotherapy].Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi2018404295299[Chinese Journal of Oncology]. 29730918
     [Google Scholar]
  150. ChungY.S. LeeI.O. LeeJ.Y. NamE.J. KimS.W. KimY.T. KimS. Effects of Korean red ginseng (panax ginseng CA Meyer) on menopausal symptoms in premenopausal women after gynecologic cancer surgery: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.J. Altern. Complement. Med.2021271667210.1089/acm.2019.0429 33216632
     [Google Scholar]
  151. WuL. SongH. ZhangC. WangA. ZhangB. XiongC. ZhuangX. ZangY. LiC. FangQ. QuC. WangL. ZhangM. LiH. WangX. LiY. XiaL. YaoZ. NieZ. GaoY. JiX. Efficacy and Safety of Panax notoginseng Saponins in the Treatment of Adults With Ischemic Stroke in China.JAMA Netw. Open202366e231757410.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.17574 37338907
     [Google Scholar]
  152. ZhangC. ZhengY. ChenT. WangS. XuM. The utility of traditional Chinese medicine (Shenmai) in the cardiac rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass grafting: A single-center randomized clinical trial.Complement. Ther. Med.20194710220310.1016/j.ctim.2019.102203 31779994
     [Google Scholar]
  153. CaiY. ZhangX. HuangY. WangL. SunJ. LiangW. OuA. YuB. GuoJ. ZhaoM. NiX. ChenS. The add-on effect of dengzhan shengmai capsules on secondary prevention of ischemic stroke: A multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Complement. Ther. Med.20194618919410.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.015 31519277
     [Google Scholar]
  154. LiuQ. WuH. WangJ. LiX. Effects of Shenmai injection on the values of CO, SV, and EF in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft.Medicine (Baltimore)20189710e008510.1097/MD.0000000000010085 29517675
     [Google Scholar]
  155. KwonY.J. JangS.N. LiuK.H. JungD.H. Effect of Korean red ginseng on cholesterol metabolites in postmenopausal women with hypercholesterolemia: A pilot randomized controlled trial.Nutrients20201211342310.3390/nu12113423 33171597
     [Google Scholar]
  156. WhiteD.J. CamfieldD.A. OssoukhovaA. SavageK. Le CozannetR. Fança-BerthonP. ScholeyA. Effects of Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) on the steady state visually evoked potential during cognitive performance.Hum. Psychopharmacol.20203561610.1002/hup.2756 32896022
     [Google Scholar]
  157. JuanS. LeeJ.H. WonS.J. OhS. HaM.S. Effect of Saengmaeksan on Fatigue, Liver Function, and Immunity Combined with High-Intensity Training.J. Immunol. Res.202320231910.1155/2023/3269293 37425492
     [Google Scholar]
  158. ParkK. AhnC.W. KimY. NamJ.S. The effect of Korean Red Ginseng on sarcopenia biomarkers in type 2 diabetes patients.Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr.20209010410810.1016/j.archger.2020.104108 32470863
     [Google Scholar]
  159. ZhangD.W. WangS.L. WangP.L. DuJ.P. GaoZ.Y. WangC.L. XuH. ShiD.Z. The efficacy of Chinese herbal medicines on acute coronary syndrome with renal insufficiency after percutaneous coronary intervention.J. Ethnopharmacol.202024811235410.1016/j.jep.2019.112354 31689480
     [Google Scholar]
  160. ChenY. LinL. WuL. XuY. ShergisJ.L. ZhangA.L. WenZ. WorsnopC. Da CostaC. ThienF. XueC.C. Effect of panax ginseng (G115) capsules versus placebo on acute exacerbations in patients with moderate to very severe copd: A randomized controlled trial.Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis.20201567168010.2147/COPD.S236425 32273696
     [Google Scholar]
  161. KimJ.W. HanS.W. ChoJ.Y. ChungI.J. KimJ.G. LeeK.H. ParkK.U. BaekS.K. OhS.C. LeeM.A. OhD. ShimB. AhnJ.B. ShinD. LeeJ.W. KimY.H. Korean red ginseng for cancer-related fatigue in colorectal cancer patients with chemotherapy: A randomised phase III trial.Eur. J. Cancer2020130516210.1016/j.ejca.2020.02.018 32172198
     [Google Scholar]
  162. PengY.Y. JingH.T. LuanL. TuY.Y. Treatment of menopausal syndrome by combined electroacupuncture, acupoint-injection and fire-needle therapies.Acupuncture Res.2018434260262
     [Google Scholar]
  163. PanH.T. WangJ.J. HuangJ.L. ShuaiY.L. LiJ. HuZ.Z. DingY.Z. LiuQ.H. Ranibizumab plus fufang xueshuantong capsule versus ranibizumab alone for exudative age-related macular degeneration.J. Int. Med. Res.202048910.1177/0300060520931618 32962487
     [Google Scholar]
  164. Naghavi moghadam, A.; Shiravand, M.; Rezapour, S.; Khoshdel, A.; Bazgir, B.; Mardani, M. Effect of a session of intensive exercise with ginseng supplementation on histone H3 protein methylation of skeletal muscle of nonathlete men.Mol. Genet. Genomic Med.201975e65110.1002/mgg3.651 30920174
     [Google Scholar]
  165. FlanaganS.D. DuPontW.H. CaldwellL.K. HardestyV.H. BarnhartE.C. BeelerM.K. PostE.M. VolekJ.S. KraemerW.J. The effects of a Korean ginseng, GINST15, on hypo-pituitary-adrenal and oxidative activity induced by intense work stress.J. Med. Food201821110411210.1089/jmf.2017.0071 28981384
     [Google Scholar]
  166. GuglielmoM. Di PedeP. AlfieriS. BergaminiC. PlatiniF. RipamontiC.I. OrlandiE. IacovelliN.A. LicitraL. MaddaloM. BossiP. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, phase II study to evaluate the efficacy of ginseng in reducing fatigue in patients treated for head and neck cancer.J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol.2020146102479248710.1007/s00432‑020‑03300‑z 32617701
     [Google Scholar]
  167. LiuY. SunY. WangX. WangD. ZengL. LuQ. Efficacy of the panax notoginseng ejiao suppository in the treatment of patients with ulcerative proctitis and its effect on inflammatory response and immune function.Dis. Markers20222022147996410.1155/2022/1479964
     [Google Scholar]
  168. BestT. ClarkeC. NuzumN. TeoW.P. Acute effects of combined Bacopa, American ginseng and whole coffee fruit on working memory and cerebral haemodynamic response of the prefrontal cortex: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Nutr. Neurosci.2021241187388410.1080/1028415X.2019.1690288 31736428
     [Google Scholar]
  169. NishinoT. YoshidaT. GotoM. InoueS. MinatoT. FujiwaraS. YamamotoY. FurukitaY. YuasaY. YamaiH. TakechiH. TobaH. TakizawaH. YoshidaM. SeikeJ. MiyoshiT. TangokuA. The effects of the herbal medicine Daikenchuto (TJ-100) after esophageal cancer resection, open-label, randomized controlled trial.Esophagus2018152758210.1007/s10388‑017‑0601‑9 29892933
     [Google Scholar]
  170. XuY. HuH. LiY. CenR. YaoC. MaW. HuangM. YinY. GaoH. LiuY. EndlerA. Effects of huoxin formula on the arterial functions of patients with coronary heart disease.Pharm. Biol.2019571132010.1080/13880209.2018.1561726 31199705
     [Google Scholar]
  171. FukamiH. UedaT. MatsuokaN. Pharmacokinetic study of compound K in Japanese subjects after ingestion of Panax ginseng fermented by Lactobacillus paracasei A221 reveals significant increase of absorption into blood.J. Med. Food201922325726310.1089/jmf.2018.4271 30543483
     [Google Scholar]
  172. GuoM. WangP. DuJ. FuC. YangQ. GaoZ. ZhuM. LvS. DengY. LiT. ShiD. Working Group, X.Y. Xinyue Capsule in patients with stable coronary artery disease after percutaneous coronary intervention: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Pharmacol. Res.202015810488310.1016/j.phrs.2020.104883 32446979
     [Google Scholar]
  173. GouZ. ZhangW. LiangX. WangY. MouJ. LiM. ZhangY. FengP. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I dose escalation study of Dan Qi Tong Mai tablet in healthy volunteers.BMC Complement. Altern. Med.201919133610.1186/s12906‑019‑2751‑x 31775729
     [Google Scholar]
  174. CarmichaelO.T. PillaiS. ShankapalP. McLellanA. KayD.G. GoldB.T. KellerJ.N. A combination of essential fatty acids, Panax ginseng extract, and green tea catechins modifies brain fMRI signals in healthy older adults.J. Nutr. Health Aging201822783784610.1007/s12603‑018‑1028‑2 30080229
     [Google Scholar]
  175. XuY. WangX.S. ChenY. ShiQ. ChenT.H. LiP. A phase II randomized controlled trial of Renshen Yangrong Tang herbal extract granules for fatigue reduction in cancer survivors.J. Pain Symptom Manage.202059596697310.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.10.018 31668965
     [Google Scholar]
  176. JacksonP.A. WightmanE.L. VeaseyR. ForsterJ. KhanJ. SaundersC. MitchellS. Haskell-RamsayC.F. KennedyD.O. A randomized, crossover study of the acute cognitive and cerebral blood flow effects of phenolic, nitrate and botanical beverages in young, healthy humans.Nutrients2020128225410.3390/nu12082254 32731478
     [Google Scholar]
  177. MotooY. TomitaY. FujitaH. Prophylactic efficacy of ninjin’yoeito for oxaliplatin-induced cumulative peripheral neuropathy in patients with colorectal cancer receiving postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy: A randomized, open-label, phase 2 trial (HOPE-2).Int. J. Clin. Oncol.20202561123112910.1007/s10147‑020‑01648‑3
     [Google Scholar]
  178. BhangY.H. KimK.I. KimJ. AhnJ. JungH.S. YangC. KoS.J. BuY. ParkJ.W. ParkK.S. JungH.J. LeeJ.H. LeeB.J. Efficacy and safety of Ojeok-san plus Saengmaek-san for gastroesophageal reflux-induced chronic cough: protocol for a pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Trials202021111810.1186/s13063‑019‑4030‑z 31996267
     [Google Scholar]
  179. ChenL. WangL. ZhuoQ. ZhangQ. ChenF. LiL. LinL. Effect of Shenmai injection on cognitive function after cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgical patients: a randomized controlled trial.BMC Anesthesiol.201818114210.1186/s12871‑018‑0604‑7 30309327
     [Google Scholar]
  180. Ke Wang Lin Li; Yanqiu Wang; Guoyan Fang; Ming Wei; Han Ding; Wei Liu; Zhenghui Huang, Effect of Baihe Gujin decoction combined with Shengmai powder on the expression of IL-1β and IL-1Ra in peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.Cell. Mol. Biol.2022682606310.14715/cmb/2022.68.2.9 35869725
     [Google Scholar]
  181. XuedongA.N. LinaM. PingX. WenS.U. BeibeiW. LeiyaK. ZequanZ. MengQ.I. SongH.U. JingC. XiujuanL.I. JinweiL. JuanZ. JieQ. DanL. GuangweiL. YouqinY. GuipingY. DandanD. WeiZ. JunxiuT. DeJ. XiaolinT. LiW. Effects of Shengmai Yin on pulmonary and cardiac function in coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent patients with cardiopulmonary symptoms: a randomized, double blind, multicenter control trial.J. Tradit. Chin. Med.2023431140145 36640005
     [Google Scholar]
  182. XuL.W. QuanX.M. SongC.X. LiuY.L. XuH.Y. Influence on orbicularis oculi muscle in the patients with facial neuritis treated with the penetra-ting needling at Cuanzhu (BL2) and Yuyao (EX-HN4) combined with the perpendicular needling at Shenmai (BL62).Acupunct. Res.2020459735739
     [Google Scholar]
  183. KimH. LeeY.S. YuH.Y. KwonM. KimK.K. In, G.; Hong, S.K.; Kim, S.K. Anti-inflammatory effects of Limosilactobacillus fermentum KGC1601 isolated from panax ginseng and its probiotic characteristics.Foods20221112170710.3390/foods11121707 35741904
     [Google Scholar]
  184. XuH.L. ChenG.H. WuY.T. XieL.P. TanZ.B. LiuB. FanH.J. ChenH.M. HuangG.Q. LiuM. ZhouY.C. Ginsenoside Ro, an oleanolic saponin of Panax ginseng, exerts anti-inflammatory effect by direct inhibiting toll like receptor 4 signaling pathway.J. Ginseng Res.202246115616610.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.011 35058732
     [Google Scholar]
  185. KimE.N. KimT.Y. ParkE.K. KimJ.Y. JeongG.S. Panax ginseng fruit has anti-inflammatory effect and induces osteogenic differentiation by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in in vitro and in vivo models of periodontitis.Antioxidants2020912122110.3390/antiox9121221 33287198
     [Google Scholar]
  186. KanH. ZhangD. ChenW. WangS. HeZ. PangS. QuS. WangY. Identification of anti-inflammatory components in Panax ginseng of Sijunzi Decoction based on spectrum-effect relationship.Chin. Herb. Med.2022151123131 36875431
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/ctmc/10.2174/0115680266344493241014082257
Loading
Comprehensive PRISMA Based Systematic Review: Exploring the Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Profile and Clinical aspects of Panax ginseng
Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 25, 172 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0115680266344493241014082257
/content/journals/ctmc/10.2174/0115680266344493241014082257
/content/journals/ctmc/10.2174/0115680266344493241014082257
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

PRISMA checklist is available as supplementary material on the publisher’s website along with the published article.

file format download Download

  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): Antioxidant; Cancer; Clinical trials; Ginsenosides; Panax; Saponin glycosides

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test