Functional Roles of Long Non-coding RNAs on Stem Cell-related Pathways in Glioblastoma

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), characterized by their length exceeding 200 nucleotides and lack of protein-coding capacity, are intricately associated with a wide array of cellular processes, encompassing cell invasion, differentiation, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and regeneration. Perturbations in lncRNA expression have been observed in numerous diseases and have emerged as pivotal players in the pathogenesis of diverse tumor types. Glioblastoma, a highly malignant primary tumor of the central nervous system (CNS), remains a formidable challenge even with the advent of novel therapeutic interventions, as primary glioblastomas invariably exhibit therapy resistance and aggressive behavior. Glioblastomas can arise from progenitor cells or neuroglial stem cells, revealing profound cellular heterogeneity, notably in the form of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) possessing stem-like properties. Glioblastomas comprise neural precursors that harbor essential characteristics of neural stem cells (NSCs). Several signaling pathways have been implicated in the regulation of self-renewal in both cancer cells and stem cells. In addition to their involvement in therapy resistance and survival of glioblastoma, lncRNAs are implicated in the modulation of GSC behaviors through diverse pathways and the intricate regulation of various genes and proteins. This review aims to comprehensively discuss the interplay between lncRNAs, their associated pathways, and GSCs, shedding light on their potential implications in glioblastoma.