Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews
  4. Volume 21, Issue 1
  5. Article
Volume 21, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1573-398X
  • E-ISSN:

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder. Its incidence has dramatically risen during the last few decades. ASD is a multifactorial disorder. In addition to genetic factors, the environment plays a key role during critical periods of neurodevelopment. The prenatal environment, as well as perinatal and postnatal exposures to infection and inflammation, are increasingly identified as potential risk factors for autism and can influence development and increase neurodevelopmental disorders. Immune dysfunction and dysregulation are considered an important factor contributing to the pathogenesis of autism and may influence the course and severity of the disease. This study aims to analyze the data available in the scientific literature regarding the correlation between respiratory infections and autism.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/crmr/10.2174/011573398X281954240614075538
2024-06-28
2024-11-26

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/crmr/10.2174/011573398X281954240614075538
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.5th edArlington, VAAmerican Psychiatric Publishing2013525
     [Google Scholar]
  2. MooreD.J. Acute pain experience in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A review.Autism201519438739910.1177/136236131452783924687688
     [Google Scholar]
  3. MaennerM.J. WarrenZ. WilliamsA.R. AmoakoheneE. BakianA.V. BilderD.A. DurkinM.S. FitzgeraldR.T. FurnierS.M. HughesM.M. Ladd-AcostaC. M. McArthurD. PasE. T. SalinasA. VehornA. WilliamsS. EslerA. GrzybowskiA. Hall-LandeJ. NguyenR. H. N. ShawK. A. Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2020.MMWR Surveill Summ202372211410.15585/mmwr.ss7202a1
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Hertz-PicciottoI. SchmidtR. J. KrakowiakP. Understanding environmental contributions to autism: Causal concepts and the state of science.Autism Res201811455458610.1002/aur.1938
     [Google Scholar]
  5. NewschafferC.J. CroenL.A. DanielsJ. GiarelliE. GretherJ.K. LevyS.E. MandellD.S. MillerL.A. Pinto-MartinJ. ReavenJ. ReynoldsA.M. RiceC.E. SchendelD. WindhamG.C. The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders.Annu. Rev. Public Health200728123525810.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.14400717367287
     [Google Scholar]
  6. OrnoyA. Weinstein-FudimL. ErgazZ. Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Reprod. Toxicol.20155615516910.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.00726021712
     [Google Scholar]
  7. OrnoyA. Weinstein-FudimL. ErgazZ. Genetic syndromes, maternal diseases and antenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).Front. Neurosci.20161031610.3389/fnins.2016.0031627458336
     [Google Scholar]
  8. AngelidouA. AsadiS. AlysandratosK.D. KaragkouniA. KourembanasS. TheoharidesT.C. Perinatal stress, brain inflammation and risk of autism-Review and proposal.BMC Pediatr.20121218910.1186/1471‑2431‑12‑8922747567
     [Google Scholar]
  9. RossignolD.A. FryeR.E. A review of research trends in physiological abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: Immune dysregulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and environmental toxicant exposures.Mol. Psychiatry201217438940110.1038/mp.2011.16522143005
     [Google Scholar]
  10. SiniscalcoD. SchultzS. BrigidaA. AntonucciN. Inflammation and neuro-immune dysregulations in autism spectrum disorders.Pharmaceuticals20181125610.3390/ph1102005629867038
     [Google Scholar]
  11. HughesH.K. Mills KoE. RoseD. AshwoodP. Immune dysfunction and autoimmunity as pathological mechanisms in autism spectrum disorders.Front. Cell. Neurosci.20181240510.3389/fncel.2018.0040530483058
     [Google Scholar]
  12. MantiS. XerraF. SpotoG. ButeraA. GittoE. Di RosaG. NicoteraA.G. Neurotrophins: Expression of brain–lung axis development.Int. J. Mol. Sci.2023248708910.3390/ijms2408708937108250
     [Google Scholar]
  13. MantiS. BrownP. PerezM.K. PiedimonteG. The role of neurotrophins in inflammation and allergy.Vitam. Horm.201710431334110.1016/bs.vh.2016.10.01028215300
     [Google Scholar]
  14. MeadJ. AshwoodP. Evidence supporting an altered immune response in ASD.Immunol. Lett.20151631495510.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.00625448709
     [Google Scholar]
  15. PattersonP.H. Immune involvement in schizophrenia and autism: Etiology, pathology and animal models.Behav. Brain Res.2009204231332110.1016/j.bbr.2008.12.01619136031
     [Google Scholar]
  16. VargasD.L. NascimbeneC. KrishnanC. ZimmermanA.W. PardoC.A. Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism.Ann. Neurol.2005571678110.1002/ana.2031515546155
     [Google Scholar]
  17. BraunschweigD. KrakowiakP. DuncansonP. BoyceR. HansenR.L. AshwoodP. Hertz-PicciottoI. PessahI.N. Van de WaterJ. Autism-specific maternal autoantibodies recognize critical proteins in developing brain.Transl. Psychiatry201337e27710.1038/tp.2013.5023838888
     [Google Scholar]
  18. TheoharidesT.C. TsilioniI. PatelA.B. DoyleR. Atopic diseases and inflammation of the brain in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders.Transl. Psychiatry201666e84410.1038/tp.2016.7727351598
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Robinson-AgramonteM.A. Noris GarcíaE. Fraga GuerraJ. Vega HurtadoY. AntonucciN. Semprún-HernándezN. SchultzS. SiniscalcoD. Immune dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder: What do we know about it?Int. J. Mol. Sci.2022236303310.3390/ijms2306303335328471
     [Google Scholar]
  20. ShibataA. HitomiY. KambayashiY. HibinoY. YamazakiM. MitomaJ. AsakuraH. HayashiK. OtakiN. SagaraT. NakamuraH. Epidemiological study on the involvements of environmental factors and allergy in child mental health using the autism screening questionnaire.Res. Autism Spectr. Disord.20137113214010.1016/j.rasd.2012.06.003
     [Google Scholar]
  21. NardoneS. ElliottE. The interaction between the immune system and epigenetics in the etiology of autism spectrum disorders.Front. Neurosci.20161032910.3389/fnins.2016.0032927462204
     [Google Scholar]
  22. DavidsonM. Vaccination as a cause of autism-Myths and controversies.Dialogues Clin. Neurosci.201719440340710.31887/DCNS.2017.19.4/mdavidson29398935
     [Google Scholar]
  23. SmithS.E.P. LiJ. GarbettK. MirnicsK. PattersonP.H. Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development through interleukin-6.J. Neurosci.20072740106951070210.1523/JNEUROSCI.2178‑07.200717913903
     [Google Scholar]
  24. TordjmanS. CharrierA. KazatchkineM. RoubertouxP. BotbolM. BronsardG. AvrameasS. Natural IgG Anti-F (ab’)2 autoantibody activity in children with autism.Biomedicines202311371510.3390/biomedicines1103071536979694
     [Google Scholar]
  25. UsuiN. KobayashiH. ShimadaS. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder.Int. J. Mol. Sci.2023246548710.3390/ijms2406548736982559
     [Google Scholar]
  26. ShimizuY. Sakata-HagaH. SaikawaY. HattaT. Influence of immune system abnormalities caused by maternal immune activation in the postnatal period.Cells202312574110.3390/cells1205074136899877
     [Google Scholar]
  27. AradM. PiontkewitzY. AlbeldaN. ShaashuaL. WeinerI. Immune activation in lactating dams alters suckling's brain cytokines and produces non-overlapping behavioral deficits in adult female and male offspring: A novel neurodevelopmental model of sex-specific psychopathology.Brain Behav. Immun.201763354910.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.01528189716
     [Google Scholar]
  28. CordeiroC.N. TsimisM. BurdI. Infections and brain development.Obstet. Gynecol. Surv.2015701064465510.1097/OGX.000000000000023626490164
     [Google Scholar]
  29. BeopoulosA. GeaM. FasanoA. IrisF. Autonomic nervous system neuroanatomical alterations could provoke and maintain gastrointestinal dysbiosis in autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A novel microbiome-host interaction mechanistic hypothesis.Nutrients20211416510.3390/nu1401006535010940
     [Google Scholar]
  30. KongX. LiuJ. LiuK. KohM. TianR. HobbieC. FongM. ChenQ. ZhaoM. BudjanC. KongJ. Altered autonomic functions and gut microbiome in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Implications for assisting ASD screening and diagnosis.J. Autism Dev. Disord.202151114415710.1007/s10803‑020‑04524‑132410097
     [Google Scholar]
  31. XiongY. ChenJ. LiY. Microglia and astrocytes underlie neuroinflammation and synaptic susceptibility in autism spectrum disorder.Front. Neurosci.202317112542810.3389/fnins.2023.112542837021129
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Brookman-FrazeeL. StadnickN. ChlebowskiC. Baker-EriczénM. GangerW. Characterizing psychiatric comorbidity in children with autism spectrum disorder receiving publicly funded mental health services.Autism201822893895210.1177/136236131771265028914082
     [Google Scholar]
  33. LecavalierL. McCrackenC.E. AmanM.G. McDougleC.J. McCrackenJ.T. TierneyE. SmithT. JohnsonC. KingB. HandenB. SwiezyN.B. Eugene ArnoldL. BearssK. VitielloB. ScahillL. An exploration of concomitant psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder.Compr. Psychiatry201988576410.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.01230504071
     [Google Scholar]
  34. SessoG. CristofaniC. BerloffaS. CristofaniP. FantozziP. InguaggiatoE. NarzisiA. PfannerC. RicciF. TacchiA. ValenteE. ViglioneV. MiloneA. MasiG. Autism spectrum disorder and disruptive behavior disorders comorbidities delineate clinical phenotypes in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Novel insights from the assessment of psychopathological and neuropsychological profiles.J. Clin. Med.2020912383910.3390/jcm912383933256132
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Kangarani-FarahaniM. MalikM.A. ZwickerJ.G. Motor impairments in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J. Autism Dev. Disord.202454519771997Advance online publication10.1007/s10803‑023‑05948‑136949273
     [Google Scholar]
  36. MainieriG. MontiniA. NicoteraA. Di RosaG. ProviniF. LoddoG. The genetics of sleep disorders in children: A narrative review.Brain Sci.20211110125910.3390/brainsci1110125934679324
     [Google Scholar]
  37. McCauleyJ.B. EliasR. LordC. Trajectories of co-occurring psychopathology symptoms in autism from late childhood to adulthood.Dev. Psychopathol.20203241287130210.1017/S095457942000082632677592
     [Google Scholar]
  38. LavertyC. AgarG. Sinclair-BurtonL. OliverC. MossJ. NelsonL. RichardsC. The 10-year trajectory of aggressive behaviours in autistic individuals.J. Intellect. Disabil. Res.202367429530910.1111/jir.1300436654499
     [Google Scholar]
  39. GoncalvesM.V.M. HargerR. BraatzV. ParolinL.F. EboniA.C.B. FontanaM.A.N. AnacletoA. FragosoY.D. Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) misdiagnosed as autism spectrum disorder.Immunol. Lett.2018203525310.1016/j.imlet.2018.09.00930222991
     [Google Scholar]
  40. GesundheitB. ZismanP.D. HochbaumL. PosenY. SteinbergA. FriedmanG. RavkinH.D. RubinE. FaktorO. EllisR. Autism spectrum disorder diagnosis using a new panel of immune- and inflammatory-related serum biomarkers: A case-control multicenter study.Front Pediatr.20231196795410.3389/fped.2023.96795436896401
     [Google Scholar]
  41. KordulewskaN.K. KostyraE. Piskorz-OgórekK. MoszyńskaM. CieślińskaA. FiedorowiczE. JarmołowskaB. Serum cytokine levels in children with spectrum autism disorder: Differences in pro- and anti-inflammatory balance.J. Neuroimmunol.201933757706610.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.57706631629288
     [Google Scholar]
  42. TrifonovaE.A. MustafinZ.S. LashinS.A. KochetovA.V. Abnormal mTOR activity in pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric and MIA-associated autism spectrum disorders.Int. J. Mol. Sci.202223296710.3390/ijms2302096735055151
     [Google Scholar]
  43. HanV.X. PatelS. JonesH.F. NielsenT.C. MohammadS.S. HoferM.J. GoldW. BrilotF. LainS.J. NassarN. DaleR.C. Maternal acute and chronic inflammation in pregnancy is associated with common neurodevelopmental disorders: A systematic review.Transl. Psychiatry20211117110.1038/s41398‑021‑01198‑w33479207
     [Google Scholar]
  44. LyallK. Van de WaterJ. AshwoodP. Hertz-PicciottoI. Asthma and allergies in children with autism spectrum disorders: Results from the charge study.Autism Res20158556757410.1002/aur.1471
     [Google Scholar]
  45. AkintundeM.E. RoseM. KrakowiakP. HeuerL. AshwoodP. HansenR. Hertz-PicciottoI. Van de WaterJ. Increased production of IL-17 in children with autism spectrum disorders and co-morbid asthma.J. Neuroimmunol.2015286334110.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.07.00326298322
     [Google Scholar]
  46. ChuaR.X.Y. TayM.J.Y. OoiD.S.Q. SiahK.T.H. ThamE.H. ShekL.P.C. MeaneyM.J. BroekmanB.F.P. LooE.X.L. Understanding the link between allergy and neurodevelopmental disorders: A current review of factors and mechanisms.Front. Neurol.20211160357110.3389/fneur.2020.60357133658968
     [Google Scholar]
  47. ZhengZ. ZhangL. ZhuT. HuangJ. QuY. MuD. Association between asthma and autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis.PLoS One2016116e015666210.1371/journal.pone.015666227257919
     [Google Scholar]
  48. PattersonP.H. Maternal infection and immune involvement in autism.Trends Mol. Med.201117738939410.1016/j.molmed.2011.03.00121482187
     [Google Scholar]
  49. MantiS. EsperF. Alejandro-RodriguezM. LeonardiS. BettaP. CuppariC. LanzafameA. WorleyS. SalpietroC. PerezM.K. RezaeeF. PiedimonteG. Respiratory syncytial virus seropositivity at birth is associated with adverse neonatal respiratory outcomes.Pediatr. Pulmonol.202055113074307910.1002/ppul.2500132741145
     [Google Scholar]
  50. MantiS. LeonardiS. RezaeeF. HarfordT.J. PerezM.K. PiedimonteG. Effects of vertical transmission of respiratory viruses to the offspring.Front. Immunol.20221385300910.3389/fimmu.2022.85300935359954
     [Google Scholar]
  51. SongJ.Y. ParkK.V. HanS.W. ChoiM.J. NohJ.Y. CheongH.J. KimW.J. OhM.J. ChoG.J. Paradoxical long-term impact of maternal influenza infection on neonates and infants.BMC Infect. Dis.202020150210.1186/s12879‑020‑05236‑832652939
     [Google Scholar]
  52. GunnesN. GjessingH.K. BakkenI.J. GhaderiS. GranJ.M. HungnesO. MagnusP. SamuelsenS.O. SkrondalA. StoltenbergC. TrogstadL. WilcoxA.J. HåbergS.E. Seasonal and pandemic influenza during pregnancy and risk of fetal death: A Norwegian registry-based cohort study.Eur. J. Epidemiol.202035437137910.1007/s10654‑020‑00600‑z31950373
     [Google Scholar]
  53. al-HaddadB.J.S. JacobssonB. ChabraS. ModzelewskaD. OlsonE.M. BernierR. EnquobahrieD.A. HagbergH. ÖstlingS. RajagopalL. Adams WaldorfK.M. SengpielV. Long-term risk of neuropsychiatric disease after exposure to infection in utero.JAMA Psychiatry201976659460210.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.002930840048
     [Google Scholar]
  54. SpotoG. AmoreG. VetriL. QuatrosiG. CafeoA. GittoE. NicoteraA.G. Di RosaG. Cerebellum and prematurity: A complex interplay between disruptive and dysmaturational events.Front. Syst. Neurosci.20211565516410.3389/fnsys.2021.65516434177475
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Al-HaddadB.J.S. OlerE. ArmisteadB. ElsayedN.A. WeinbergerD.R. BernierR. BurdI. KapurR. JacobssonB. WangC. MysorekarI. RajagopalL. Adams WaldorfK.M. The fetal origins of mental illness.Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.2019221654956210.1016/j.ajog.2019.06.01331207234
     [Google Scholar]
  56. MantiS. MarsegliaL. D’AngeloG. CuppariC. CusumanoE. ArrigoT. GittoE. SalpietroC. Cumulative stress: The effects of maternal and neonatal oxidative stress and oxidative stress-inducible genes on programming of atopy.Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.201620161710.1155/2016/865182027504149
     [Google Scholar]
  57. MazinaV. GerdtsJ. TrinhS. AnkenmanK. WardT. DennisM.Y. GirirajanS. EichlerE.E. BernierR. Epigenetics of autism-related impairment: Copy number variation and maternal infection.J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr.2015362616710.1097/DBP.000000000000012625629966
     [Google Scholar]
  58. WongH. HoefferC. Maternal IL-17A in autism.Exp. Neurol.2018299Pt A22824010.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.010
     [Google Scholar]
  59. ChoiG.B. YimY.S. WongH. KimS. KimH. KimS.V. HoefferC.A. LittmanD.R. HuhJ.R. The maternal interleukin-17a pathway in mice promotes autism-like phenotypes in offspring.Science2016351627693393910.1126/science.aad031426822608
     [Google Scholar]
  60. FungS.G. FakhraeiR. CondranG. ReganA.K. Dimanlig-CruzS. RicciC. FooD. SarnaM. TörökE. FellD.B. Neuropsychiatric outcomes in offspring after fetal exposure to maternal influenza infection during pregnancy: A systematic review.Reprod. Toxicol.202211315516910.1016/j.reprotox.2022.09.00236100136
     [Google Scholar]
  61. BrucatoM. Ladd-AcostaC. LiM. CarusoD. HongX. KaczaniukJ. StuartE. A. FallinM. D. WangX. Prenatal exposure to fever is associated with autism spectrum disorder in the boston birth cohort.Autism Res201710111878189010.1002/aur.1841
     [Google Scholar]
  62. HornigM. BresnahanM.A. CheX. SchultzA.F. UkaigweJ.E. EddyM.L. HirtzD. GunnesN. LieK.K. MagnusP. MjaalandS. Reichborn-KjennerudT. SchjølbergS. ØyenA-S. LevinB. SusserE.S. StoltenbergC. LipkinW.I. Prenatal fever and autism risk.Mol. Psychiatry201823375976610.1038/mp.2017.11928607458
     [Google Scholar]
  63. ZerboO. IosifA.M. WalkerC. OzonoffS. HansenR.L. Hertz-PicciottoI. Is maternal influenza or fever during pregnancy associated with autism or developmental delays? Results from the CHARGE (CHildhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment) study.J. Autism Dev. Disord.2013431253310.1007/s10803‑012‑1540‑x22562209
     [Google Scholar]
  64. ZerboO. QianY. YoshidaC. FiremanB.H. KleinN.P. CroenL.A. Association between influenza infection and vaccination during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder.JAMA Pediatr.20171711e16360910.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.360927893896
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Becerra-CulquiT.A. GetahunD. ChiuV. SyL.S. TsengH.F. Prenatal influenza vaccination or influenza infection and autism spectrum disorder in offspring.Clin. Infect. Dis.20227571140114810.1093/cid/ciac10135174388
     [Google Scholar]
  66. BührerC. EndesfelderS. ScheuerT. SchmitzT. Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) and the developing brain.Int. J. Mol. Sci.202122201115610.3390/ijms22201115634681816
     [Google Scholar]
  67. YuT. LienY.J. LiangF.W. KuoP.L. Parental socioeconomic status and autism spectrum disorder in offspring: A population-based cohort study in Taiwan.Am. J. Epidemiol.2021190580781610.1093/aje/kwaa24133128070
     [Google Scholar]
  68. ChristianL. M. PorterK. KarlssonE. Schultz-CherryS. IamsJ. D. Serum proinflammatory cytokine responses to influenza virus vaccine among women during pregnancy versus non-pregnancy.Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.2013701455310.1111/aji.12117
     [Google Scholar]
  69. LudvigssonJ.F. WinellH. SandinS. CnattingiusS. StephanssonO. PasternakB. Maternal influenza A(H1N1) immunization during pregnancy and risk for autism spectrum disorder in offspring.Ann. Intern. Med.2020173859760410.7326/M20‑016732866418
     [Google Scholar]
  70. MehrabadiA. DoddsL. MacDonaldN.E. TopK.A. BenchimolE.I. KwongJ.C. OrtizJ.R. SpragueA.E. WalshL.K. WilsonK. FellD.B. Association of maternal influenza vaccination during pregnancy with early childhood health outcomes.JAMA2021325222285229310.1001/jama.2021.677834100870
     [Google Scholar]
  71. ReganA.K. MunozF.M. Efficacy and safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy: Realizing the potential of maternal influenza immunization.Expert Rev. Vaccines202120664966010.1080/14760584.2021.191513833832397
     [Google Scholar]
  72. NaiduS.A.G. ClemensR.A. PressmanP. ZaighamM. KadkhodaK. DaviesK.J.A. NaiduA.S. COVID-19 during pregnancy and postpartum.J. Diet. Suppl.202219111514210.1080/19390211.2020.183404933164601
     [Google Scholar]
  73. HuangC. WangY. LiX. RenL. ZhaoJ. HuY. ZhangL. FanG. XuJ. GuX. ChengZ. YuT. XiaJ. WeiY. WuW. XieX. YinW. LiH. LiuM. XiaoY. GaoH. GuoL. XieJ. WangG. JiangR. GaoZ. JinQ. WangJ. CaoB. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.Lancet20203951022349750610.1016/S0140‑6736(20)30183‑531986264
     [Google Scholar]
  74. PerroneS. CannavòL. MantiS. RulloI. BuonocoreG. EspositoS.M.R. GittoE. Pediatric multisystem syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 (MIS-C): The interplay of oxidative stress and inflammation.Int. J. Mol. Sci.202223211283610.3390/ijms23211283636361640
     [Google Scholar]
  75. LokkenE.M. TaylorG.G. HuebnerE.M. VanderhoevenJ. HendricksonS. ColerB. ShengJ.S. WalkerC.L. McCartneyS.A. KretzerN.M. ResnickR. KachikisA. BarnhartN. SchulteV. BergamB. MaK.K. AlbrightC. LariosV. KelleyL. LariosV. EmhoffS. RahJ. RetzlaffK. ThomasC. PaekB.W. HsuR.J. EricksonA. ChangA. MitchellT. HwangJ.K. GourleyR. EricksonS. DelaneyS. KlineC.R. ArchabaldK. BlainM. LaCourseS.M. Adams WaldorfK.M. Washington COVID-19 in Pregnancy Collaborative Higher severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection rate in pregnant patients.Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.2021225175.e175.e1610.1016/j.ajog.2021.02.01133607103
     [Google Scholar]
  76. FeniziaC. BiasinM. CetinI. VerganiP. MiletoD. SpinilloA. GismondoM.R. PerottiF. CallegariC. ManconA. CammarataS. BerettaI. NebuloniM. TrabattoniD. ClericiM. SavasiV. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission during pregnancy.Nat. Commun.2020111512810.1038/s41467‑020‑18933‑433046695
     [Google Scholar]
  77. HosierH. FarhadianS.F. MorottiR.A. DeshmukhU. Lu-CulliganA. CampbellK.H. YasumotoY. VogelsC.B.F. Casanovas-MassanaA. VijayakumarP. GengB. OdioC.D. FournierJ. BritoA.F. FauverJ.R. LiuF. AlpertT. TalR. Szigeti-BuckK. PerincheriS. LarsenC. GariepyA.M. AguilarG. FardelmannK.L. HarigopalM. TaylorH.S. PettkerC.M. WyllieA.L. CruzC.D. RingA.M. GrubaughN.D. KoA.I. HorvathT.L. IwasakiA. ReddyU.M. LipkindH.S. SARS–CoV-2 infection of the placenta.J. Clin. Invest.202013094947495310.1172/JCI13956932573498
     [Google Scholar]
  78. PatanèL. MorottiD. GiuntaM.R. SigismondiC. PiccoliM.G. FrigerioL. MangiliG. ArosioM. CornoltiG. Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA on the fetal side of the placenta in pregnancies with coronavirus disease 2019–positive mothers and neonates at birth.Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM20202310014510.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.10014532427221
     [Google Scholar]
  79. FigueiredoC.P. Fontes-DantasF.L. da PoianA.T. ClarkeJ.R. SARS-CoV-2-associated cytokine storm during pregnancy as a possible risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorder development in post-pandemic infants.Neuropharmacology202120110884110.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.10884134666076
     [Google Scholar]
  80. HutslerJ.J. ZhangH. Increased dendritic spine densities on cortical projection neurons in autism spectrum disorders.Brain Res.20101309839410.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.12019896929
     [Google Scholar]
  81. MarchettoM.C. BelinsonH. TianY. FreitasB.C. FuC. VadodariaK.C. Beltrao-BragaP.C. TrujilloC.A. MendesA.P.D. PadmanabhanK. NunezY. OuJ. GhoshH. WrightR. BrennandK.J. PierceK. EichenfieldL. PramparoT. EylerL.T. BarnesC.C. CourchesneE. GeschwindD.H. GageF.H. Wynshaw-BorisA. MuotriA.R. Altered proliferation and networks in neural cells derived from idiopathic autistic individuals.Mol. Psychiatry201722682083510.1038/mp.2016.9527378147
     [Google Scholar]
  82. TangG. GudsnukK. KuoS.H. CotrinaM.L. RosoklijaG. SosunovA. SondersM.S. KanterE. CastagnaC. YamamotoA. YueZ. ArancioO. PetersonB.S. ChampagneF. DworkA.J. GoldmanJ. SulzerD. Loss of mTOR-dependent macroautophagy causes autistic-like synaptic pruning deficits.Neuron20148351131114310.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.04025155956
     [Google Scholar]
  83. PrestiS. MantiS. ParisiG.F. PapaleM. BarbagalloI.A. Li VoltiG. LeonardiS. Lactoferrin: Cytokine modulation and application in clinical practice.J. Clin. Med.20211023548210.3390/jcm1023548234884183
     [Google Scholar]
  84. MaleV. SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy.Nat. Rev. Immunol.202222527728210.1038/s41577‑022‑00703‑635304596
     [Google Scholar]
  85. BeharierO. Plitman MayoR. RazT. Nahum SacksK. SchreiberL. Suissa-CohenY. ChenR. Gomez-TolubR. HadarE. Gabbay-BenzivR. Jaffe MoshkovichY. Biron-ShentalT. Shechter-MaorG. Farladansky-GershnabelS. Yitzhak SelaH. Benyamini-RaischerH. SelaN.D. Goldman-WohlD. ShulmanZ. ManyA. BarrH. YagelS. NeemanM. KovoM. Efficient maternal to neonatal transfer of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.J. Clin. Invest.202113113e15031910.1172/JCI15031934014840
     [Google Scholar]
  86. MithalL.B. OteroS. ShanesE.D. GoldsteinJ.A. MillerE.S. Cord blood antibodies following maternal coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination during pregnancy.Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.2021225219219410.1016/j.ajog.2021.03.03533812808
     [Google Scholar]
  87. PrahlM. GolanY. CassidyA.G. MatsuiY. LiL. AlvarengaB. ChenH. JigmeddagvaU. LinC.Y. GonzalezV.J. ChidboyM.A. WarrierL. BuarpungS. MurthaA.P. FlahermanV.J. GreeneW.C. WuA.H.B. LynchK.L. RajanJ. GawS.L. Evaluation of transplacental transfer of mRNA vaccine products and functional antibodies during pregnancy and infancy.Nat. Commun.2022131442210.1038/s41467‑022‑32188‑135908075
     [Google Scholar]
  88. KalafatE. HeathP. PrasadS. O’BrienP. KhalilA. COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy.Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.2022227213614710.1016/j.ajog.2022.05.02035568189
     [Google Scholar]
  89. CannavòL. PerroneS. ViolaV. MarsegliaL. Di RosaG. GittoE. Oxidative stress and respiratory diseases in preterm newborns.Int. J. Mol. Sci.202122221250410.3390/ijms22221250434830385
     [Google Scholar]
  90. MarkowitzP.I. Autism in a child with congenital cytomegalovirus infection.J. Autism Dev. Disord.198313324925310.1007/BF015315646315673
     [Google Scholar]
  91. YamashitaY. FujimotoC. NakajimaE. IsagaiT. MatsuishiT. Possible association between congenital cytomegalovirus infection and autistic disorder.J. Autism Dev. Disord.200333445545910.1023/A:102502313102912959425
     [Google Scholar]
  92. LintasC. AltieriL. LombardiF. SaccoR. PersicoA.M. Association of autism with polyomavirus infection in postmortem brains.J. Neurovirol.201016214114910.3109/1355028100368583920345322
     [Google Scholar]
  93. ChessS. FernandezP. KornS. Behavioral consequences of congenital rubella.J. Pediatr.197893469970310.1016/S0022‑3476(78)80921‑4702254
     [Google Scholar]
  94. DeykinE. MacMahonB. Viral exposure and autism.Am. J. Epidemiol.1979109662863810.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112726222139
     [Google Scholar]
  95. LibbeyJ. SweetenT. McMahonW. FujinamiR. Autistic disorder and viral infections.J. Neurovirol.200511111010.1080/1355028059090055315804954
     [Google Scholar]
  96. van den PolA.N. Viral infections in the developing and mature brain.Trends Neurosci.200629739840610.1016/j.tins.2006.06.00216806513
     [Google Scholar]
  97. ShuidA.N. JayusmanP.A. ShuidN. IsmailJ. Kamal NorN. MohamedI.N. Association between viral infections and risk of autistic disorder: An overview.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health2021186281710.3390/ijerph1806281733802042
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Di RosaG. CavallaroT. AlibrandiA. MarsegliaL. LambertiM. GiaimoE. NicoteraA. BonsignoreM. GaglianoA. Predictive role of early milestones-related psychomotor profiles and long-term neurodevelopmental pitfalls in preterm infants.Early Hum. Dev.2016101495510.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.04.01227405056
     [Google Scholar]
  99. TaylorL.E. SwerdfegerA.L. EslickG.D. Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies.Vaccine201432293623362910.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.08524814559
     [Google Scholar]
  100. LangfordN.J. FernerR.E. Toxicity of mercury.J. Hum. Hypertens.1999131065165610.1038/sj.jhh.100089610516733
     [Google Scholar]
  101. PersicoA.M. CucinottaF. RicciardelloA. TurrizianiL. Chapter 3 - Autisms.Neurodevelopmental DisordersAcademic Press20203577
     [Google Scholar]
  102. JainN. LodhaR. KabraS.K. Upper respiratory tract infections.Indian J. Pediatr.200168121135113810.1007/BF0272293011838568
     [Google Scholar]
  103. le RouxD.M. ZarH.J. Community-acquired pneumonia in children — A changing spectrum of disease.Pediatr. Radiol.201747111392139810.1007/s00247‑017‑3827‑829043417
     [Google Scholar]
  104. KyuH.H. PinhoC. WagnerJ.A. BrownJ.C. Bertozzi-VillaA. CharlsonF.J. CoffengL.E. DandonaL. ErskineH.E. FerrariA.J. FitzmauriceC. FlemingT.D. ForouzanfarM.H. GraetzN. GuinovartC. HaagsmaJ. HigashiH. KassebaumN.J. LarsonH.J. LimS.S. MokdadA.H. Moradi-LakehM. OdellS.V. RothG.A. SerinaP.T. StanawayJ.D. MisganawA. WhitefordH.A. WolockT.M. Wulf HansonS. Abd-AllahF. AberaS.F. Abu-RaddadL.J. AlBuhairanF.S. AmareA.T. AntonioC.A.T. ArtamanA. Barker-ColloS.L. BarreroL.H. BenjetC. BensenorI.M. BhuttaZ.A. BikbovB. BrazinovaA. Campos-NonatoI. Castañeda-OrjuelaC.A. Catalá-LópezF. ChowdhuryR. CooperC. CrumpJ.A. DandonaR. DegenhardtL. DellavalleR.P. DharmaratneS.D. FaraonE.J.A. FeiginV.L. FürstT. GeleijnseJ.M. GessnerB.D. GibneyK.B. GotoA. GunnellD. HankeyG.J. HayR.J. HornbergerJ.C. HosgoodH.D. HuG. JacobsenK.H. JayaramanS.P. JeemonP. JonasJ.B. KarchA. KimD. KimS. KokuboY. Kuate DefoB. Kucuk BicerB. KumarG.A. LarssonA. LeasherJ.L. LeungR. LiY. LipshultzS.E. LopezA.D. LotufoP.A. LuneviciusR. LyonsR.A. MajdanM. MalekzadehR. MashalT. Mason-JonesA.J. MelakuY.A. MemishZ.A. MendozaW. MillerT.R. MockC.N. MurrayJ. NolteS. OhI.H. OlusanyaB.O. OrtbladK.F. ParkE.K. Paternina CaicedoA.J. PattenS.B. PattonG.C. PereiraD.M. PericoN. PielF.B. PolinderS. PopovaS. PourmalekF. QuistbergD.A. RemuzziG. RodriguezA. Rojas-RuedaD. RothenbacherD. RothsteinD.H. SanabriaJ. SantosI.S. SchwebelD.C. SepanlouS.G. ShaheenA. ShiriR. ShiueI. SkirbekkV. SliwaK. SreeramareddyC.T. SteinD.J. SteinerT.J. StovnerL.J. SykesB.L. TabbK.M. TerkawiA.S. ThomsonA.J. Thorne-LymanA.L. TowbinJ.A. UkwajaK.N. VasankariT. VenketasubramanianN. VlassovV.V. VollsetS.E. WeiderpassE. WeintraubR.G. WerdeckerA. WilkinsonJ.D. WoldeyohannesS.M. WolfeC.D.A. YanoY. YipP. YonemotoN. YoonS.J. YounisM.Z. YuC. El Sayed ZakiM. NaghaviM. MurrayC.J.L. VosT. Global Burden of Disease Pediatrics Collaboration Global and national burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013.JAMA Pediatr.2016170326728710.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.427626810619
     [Google Scholar]
  105. de BenedictisF.M. BushA. Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections in children.BMJ2018362k269810.1136/bmj.k269830002015
     [Google Scholar]
  106. RosenN.J. YoshidaC.K. CroenL.A. Infection in the first 2 years of life and autism spectrum disorders.Pediatrics20071191e61e6910.1542/peds.2006‑178817200260
     [Google Scholar]
  107. LambertiM. SiracusanoR. ItalianoD. AlosiN. CucinottaF. Di RosaG. GermanòE. SpinaE. GaglianoA. Head-to-head comparison of aripiprazole and risperidone in the treatment of ADHD symptoms in children with autistic spectrum disorder and ADHD: A pilot, open-label, randomized controlled study.Paediatr. Drugs201618431932910.1007/s40272‑016‑0183‑327278054
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Mason-BrothersA. RitvoE.R. FreemanB.J. JordeL.B. PingreeC.C. McMahonW.M. JensonW.R. PetersenP.B. MoA. The UCLA-University of Utah epidemiologic survey of autism: Recurrent infections.Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry199322799010.1007/BF0209886329871451
     [Google Scholar]
  109. RubenR.J. Bagger-SjobackD. DownsM.P. GravelJ.S. KarakashianM. KleinJ.O. MorizonoT. PaparellaM.M. Recent advances in otitis media. Complications and sequelae.Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.1989139465510.1177/00034894890980S4122494931
     [Google Scholar]
  110. SamsamM. AhangariR. NaserS.A. Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: Revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance.World J. Gastroenterol.201420299942995110.3748/wjg.v20.i29.994225110424
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/crmr/10.2174/011573398X281954240614075538
Loading
Association Between Respiratory Infections and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Overview
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews 21, 48 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/011573398X281954240614075538
/content/journals/crmr/10.2174/011573398X281954240614075538
/content/journals/crmr/10.2174/011573398X281954240614075538
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): autism; immunesystem; postnatal infection; prenatal infection; Respiratory infections; vaccine

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test