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Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews - Online First
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Investigating Biomarkers and Molecular Mechanisms in COPD: Perspectives from In-vivo Models
Authors: Aarti Singh, Swamita Arora, Vivek Singh, Sanjar Alam, Wasim Akram, Anjali Dhillon, Shivendra Kumar, Arun Kumar and Sunam SahaAvailable online: 07 November 2024More LessPurposeThis review examines COPD pathogenesis, biomarkers, and treatment. COPD, a progressive respiratory illness that blocks airflow, causes high morbidity and death. The complicated pathophysiology of COPD involves genetic predisposition, environmental variables (particularly tobacco smoke), and inflammatory pathways. COPD diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring depend on biomarkers in clinical and preclinical investigations. COPD care should include pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological therapies to improve symptoms, lung function, and outcomes.
Materials and MethodThis review examines COPD pathogenesis, cytokines, and risk factors. This review article discusses how immune system signalling molecules called cytokines contribute to COPD's persistent inflammation. Smoking and environmental contaminants are also examined as COPD risk factors. The analysis also covers biomarkers needed to diagnose and track the condition.
ResultsThe review paper on COPD highlights the critical role of cytokines in the disease's pathophysiology, emphasizing their contribution to chronic inflammation. Various cytokines, particularly interleukins, are implicated in driving the inflammatory processes within the airways and lungs, resulting in tissue damage and airflow limitation, which are hallmark features of COPD. The paper also identifies smoking and exposure to environmental pollutants as major risk factors for the development of COPD.
ConclusionThis review illuminates COPD's complex pathogenesis, highlighting cytokines' involvement in chronic inflammation. To create targeted therapeutics, cytokine-mediated pathways must be understood. The review emphasizes biomarkers' use in preclinical and clinical investigations to diagnose and monitor COPD and provide disease progression insights.
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Novel Driver Genes and Mutations in Lung Pecoma: A Case Report
Available online: 25 October 2024More LessIntroductionPerivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComa) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms characterized by perivascular epithelioid cells. Despite their common occurrence in the uterus, gastrointestinal tract, and retroperitoneum, this study presents an exceptional case of PEComa identified in the lung, warranting unique molecular exploration.
Case ReportA 50-year-old man was diagnosed with a 6 cm neoplasm in the lower lobe of the right lung without enlarged lymph nodes during a routine examination. Thoracotomy, extended lower bilobectomy, and D3 lymphadenectomy were performed. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis diagnosed a PEComa. No conventional TSC1 and TSC2 mutations specific to PEComa, which resulted in mTOR pathway activation, were detected by whole-exome sequencing. In contrast, mutations were unveiled in the MTOR, EIF4EBP1, and PRAME genes that could be an alternative mechanism governing mTOR activation.
ConclusionThese findings provide novel insights into the molecular intricacies of lung PEComa, showcasing the distinctive roles of MTOR, EIF4EBP1, and PRAME mutations.
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Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica: A Scoping Review
Available online: 24 October 2024More LessBackground and ObjectiveTracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TBOCP) is a rare, benign condition characterised by the presence of multiple bony and cartilaginous nodules in the tracheal and bronchial submucosa. Its etiology remains unknown, and clinical presentations and management vary.
MethodsWe conducted a scoping review to evaluate clinical and radiological characteristics, diagnostic investigations and prognostic outcomes of TBOCP in adults by exploring Pubmed and SCOPUS databases.
ResultsFrom the search results of 675 studies, 98 were included in this scoping review. TBOCP has a myriad of presenting symptoms and clinical severity but is notably an asthma mimic, displaying an obstructive pattern on spirometry. Bronchoscopic tools were the most common interventional diagnostic or management tool.
ConclusionWhile the etiology of TBOCP remains unknown, clinicians are alerted to its varied presentations and classical histopathological and gross morphological appearance.
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Asthma: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms and Combination Therapy
Authors: S Sneha and Ekta SinghAvailable online: 15 October 2024More LessAsthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the respiratory airways that is characterized by narrowing of airways, wheezing, difficulty in respiration, shortness of breath, stiffness in the chest region, and sometimes cough. In some cases, mucus secretion is enhanced. Several factors precipitate asthma. These factors may contribute individually or collectively to the pathophysiology of asthma. The objective of this review is to compile a detailed description of pathways involved in asthma. This compilation helps provide a better understanding of the disease. The information provided in this review may be used for planning a personalized therapy. Besides pathways, this review includes the current therapy used for asthma management. New combinations of drugs targeting multiple pathways can be developed to better manage the disease.
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Approaches to Improve the Sleep Quality in Long Covid Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Soheila ShamsiKhani and Mahsa HosseiniAvailable online: 08 October 2024More LessBackgroundGiven the high prevalence of Long COVID, sleep problems have emerged as a significant issue for individuals after COVID-19 infection, potentially impacting their quality of life.
ObjectiveOur study aims to identify effective strategies for improving sleep quality and offers recommendations for future research.
MethodsThe present systematic review study investigated ways to improve sleep quality in Long COVID patients. The study was conducted according to the updated PRISMA guidelines. The risk of bias was assessed using ROB 2.0.
ResultsFinally, six articles were included in the present study to identify strategies for improving and enhancing sleep quality in Long COVID. The results of the present study indicate that various interventions have been carried out to improve sleep quality, including psychological, cognitive, and physical factors related to long-term COVID-19 conditions.
ConclusionBased on existing evidence, interventions such as mind meditation, yoga, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy have demonstrated efficacy in enhancing sleep quality among Long COVID patients.
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