Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Current Pharmaceutical Design
  4. Volume 30, Issue 8
  5. Article
Volume 30, Issue 8
  • ISSN: 1381-6128
  • E-ISSN: 1873-4286

Abstract

toxin-A (BoNT-A) creates temporary paralysis in the muscles by acting on the muscle-nerve junction. It is injected into the mimic muscles when a decrease in the movements of the mimic muscles is desired. Despite many favorable applications, the use of BoNT-A is not without drawbacks. Although there is no expected serious side effect on health in BoNT-A treatments, various problems can be encountered in patients treated for aesthetic purposes. Botulism is a rare but potentially life-threatening syndrome, which is caused by the toxin produced by the bacterium , which acts on the nervous system, vegetative forms of can only survive in anaerobic conditions, while spore forms are common in nature and can withstand harsh conditions. Botulism can stem from bacterial spores which release toxin in the body; in the form of enteric botulism, and wound botulism. The cases that develop ‘iatrogenic botulism’ after such procedures are usually those receiving high-dose toxin for therapeutic purposes. The treatment of botulism mainly consists of anti-toxin therapy and, if necessary, intensive care to prevent organ failures, including respiratory support. This article aims to cover all these issues related to botulism and other adverse outcomes related to BoNT-A injection in light of the most recent literature.

© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cpd/10.2174/0113816128284720240212111926
2024-03-01
2024-11-06

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cpd/10.2174/0113816128284720240212111926
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. JewellM.L. MonheitG.D. An overview of clinical trial data on a new formulation of botulinum neurotoxin type A.Aesthet. Surg. J.200929S6S31S3310.1016/j.asj.2009.09.01119945002
     [Google Scholar]
  2. BerryM.G. StanekJ.J. Botulinum neurotoxin A: A review.J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg.201265101283129110.1016/j.bjps.2012.04.01622552262
     [Google Scholar]
  3. PasrichaT.S. PasrichaP.J. Botulinum toxin injection for treatment of gastroparesis.Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am.20192919710610.1016/j.giec.2018.08.00730396531
     [Google Scholar]
  4. ErbguthF.J. Historical notes on botulism, Clostridium botulinum, botulinum toxin, and the idea of the therapeutic use of the toxin.Mov. Disord.200419S8S2S610.1002/mds.2000315027048
     [Google Scholar]
  5. CarrW.W. JainN. SublettJ.W. Immunogenicity of botulinum toxin formulations: Potential therapeutic implications.Adv. Ther.202138105046506410.1007/s12325‑021‑01882‑934515975
     [Google Scholar]
  6. LewandowskiM. ŚwierczewskaZ. Barańska-RybakW. Off-label use of botulinum toxin in dermatology-current state of the art.Molecules20222710314310.3390/molecules2710314335630620
     [Google Scholar]
  7. PhanK. YounessiS. DubinD. LinM.J. KhorasaniH. Emerging off-label esthetic uses of botulinum toxin in dermatology.Dermatol. Ther.2022351e1520510.1111/dth.1520534792262
     [Google Scholar]
  8. HafeezM.U. MooreM. HafeezK. JankovicJ. Exploring the role of botulinum toxin in critical care.Expert Rev. Neurother.202121888189410.1080/14737175.2021.195867834281468
     [Google Scholar]
  9. American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery WebsiteCosmetic Surgery National Data Bank Statistics.2008Available from: http://www.surgery.org/sites/default/files/2008stats.pdf
  10. NestorM.S. FischerD. ArnoldD. “Masking” our emotions: Botulinum toxin, facial expression, and well-being in the age of COVID-19.J. Cosmet. Dermatol.20201992154216010.1111/jocd.1356932592268
     [Google Scholar]
  11. WortzmanM.S. PickettA. The science and manufacturing behind botulinum neurotoxin type A-ABO in clinical use.Aesthet. Surg. J.200929S6S34S4210.1016/j.asj.2009.09.01419945003
     [Google Scholar]
  12. PickettA. Dysport®: Pharmacological properties and factors that influence toxin action.Toxicon200954568368910.1016/j.toxicon.2009.03.02019332087
     [Google Scholar]
  13. HexselC. HexselD. PortoM.D. SchillingJ. SiegaC. Botulinum toxin type A for aging face and aesthetic uses.Dermatol. Ther.2011241546110.1111/j.1529‑8019.2010.01378.x21276158
     [Google Scholar]
  14. BorodicG.E. FerranteR. PearceL.B. SmithK. Histologic assessment of dose-related diffusion and muscle fiber response after therapeutic botulinum a toxin injections.Mov. Disord.199491313910.1002/mds.8700901068139603
     [Google Scholar]
  15. KoriazovaLK MontalM Translocation of botulinum neurotoxin light chain protease through the heavy chain channel.Nat Struct Biol20031013e810.1038/nsb879
     [Google Scholar]
  16. del BozJ. Padilla-EspañaL. Segura-PalaciosJ.M. Botulinum toxin injection technique for axillary hyperhidrosis.Actas Dermosifiliogr.2014105551751810.1016/j.adengl.2014.04.01124468624
     [Google Scholar]
  17. IannittiT. Di CerboA. AspiroA. PalmieriB. A preliminary study of painless and effective transdermal botulinum toxin A delivery by jet nebulization for treatment of primary hyperhidrosis.Drug Des. Devel. Ther.2014893193510.2147/DDDT.S6038925075176
     [Google Scholar]
  18. MartinaE. DiotalleviF. RadiG. CampanatiA. OffidaniA. Therapeutic use of botulinum neurotoxins in dermatology: Systematic review.Toxins202113212010.3390/toxins1302012033562846
     [Google Scholar]
  19. LuB. The destructive effect of botulinum neurotoxins on the SNARE protein: SNAP-25 and synaptic membrane fusion.PeerJ20153e106510.7717/peerj.106526157630
     [Google Scholar]
  20. FujimotoT. Pathophysiology and treatment of hyperhidrosis.Curr. Probl. Dermatol.201651869310.1159/00044678627584967
     [Google Scholar]
  21. BOTOX® (onabotulinumtoxinA) for injection, for intramuscular,intradetrusor, or intradermal use.Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/103000s5320lbl.pdf 2022
  22. Simonetta MoreauM. CauhepeC. MaguesJ.P. SenardJ.M. A double-blind, randomized, comparative study of DysportR vs. BotoxR in primary palmar hyperhidrosis.Br. J. Dermatol.200314951041104510.1111/j.1365‑2133.2003.05620.x14632812
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Pérez-BernalA.M. Avalos-PeraltaP. Moreno-RamírezD. CamachoF. Treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A: 44 months of experience.J. Cosmet. Dermatol.20054316316610.1111/j.1473‑2165.2005.00304.x17129260
     [Google Scholar]
  24. KimW.O. KilH.K. YoonK.B. NohK.U. Botulinum toxin.Dermatol. Surg.200935583383810.1111/j.1524‑4725.2009.01140.x19389096
     [Google Scholar]
  25. HaiderA. SolishN. Focal hyperhidrosis: Diagnosis and management.CMAJ20051721697510.1503/cmaj.104070815632408
     [Google Scholar]
  26. KomerickiP. ArdjomandN. Hyperhidrosis of face and scalp: Repeated successful treatment with botulinum toxin type A.Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol.201278220120210.4103/0378‑6323.9364722421660
     [Google Scholar]
  27. BOTOX (onabotulinumtoxinA)Irvine, CaliforniaAllergan, Inc2021
     [Google Scholar]
  28. BjerkhoelA. TrobbeO. Frey’s syndrome: Treatment with botulinum toxin.J. Laryngol. Otol.1997111983984410.1017/S00222151001387699373550
     [Google Scholar]
  29. FedorowiczZ. van ZuurenE.J. SchoonesJ. Botulinum toxin for masseter hypertrophy.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.201320139CD00751024018587
     [Google Scholar]
  30. LoweN. NaumannM. EadieN. Treatment of hyperhidrosis with Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA): Development, insights, and impact.Medicine2023102S1e3276410.1097/MD.000000000003276437499084
     [Google Scholar]
  31. NattkemperL.A. Vander DoesA. StullC.M. LaveryM.J. Valdes-RodriguezR. McGregoryM. ChanY.H. YosipovitchG. Prolonged antipruritic effect of botulinum toxin type A on cowhage-induced itch: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Acta Derm. Venereol.2023103adv658110.2340/actadv.v103.658137584094
     [Google Scholar]
  32. HuangS.H. WuK.W. LoJ.J. WuS.H. Synergic effect of botulinum toxin type A and triamcinolone alleviates scar pruritus by modulating epidermal hyperinnervation: A preliminary report.Aesthet. Surg. J.20214111NP1721NP173110.1093/asj/sjab10533662123
     [Google Scholar]
  33. CakirC. Oguz IdizU. AydinI. FiratD. İbrahim UlusoyA. YaziciP. Comparison of the effectiveness of two treatment modalities for chronic anal fissure: Botox versus sphincterotomy.Turk. J. Surg.202036326427010.47717/turkjsurg.2020.449233778381
     [Google Scholar]
  34. LiT.T. LiuZ.Y. XiongL. ZhangZ.W. Clinical efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of fasciitis pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine202310230e3446110.1097/MD.000000000003446137505140
     [Google Scholar]
  35. EsquenaziA. JostW.H. TurkelC.C. WeinT. DimitrovaR. Treatment of adult spasticity with Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA): Development, insights, and impact.Medicine2023102S1e3237610.1097/MD.000000000003237637499086
     [Google Scholar]
  36. JankovicJ. TsuiJ. BrinM.F. Treatment of cervical dystonia with Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA): Development, insights, and impact.Medicine2023102S1e3240310.1097/MD.000000000003240337499081
     [Google Scholar]
  37. TurkelC.C. AuroraS. DienerH.C. DodickD.W. LiptonR.B. SilbersteinS.D. BrinM.F. Treatment of chronic migraine with Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA): Development, insights, and impact.Medicine2023102S1e3260010.1097/MD.000000000003260037499085
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Cernuda-MorollónE. RamónC. Martínez-CamblorP. Serrano-PertierraE. LarrosaD. PascualJ. OnabotulinumtoxinA decreases interictal CGRP plasma levels in patients with chronic migraine.Pain2015156582082410.1097/j.pain.000000000000011925735000
     [Google Scholar]
  39. SimpsonD.M. HallettM. AshmanE.J. ComellaC.L. GreenM.W. GronsethG.S. ArmstrongM.J. GlossD. PotrebicS. JankovicJ. KarpB.P. NaumannM. SoY.T. YablonS.A. Practice guideline update summary: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache.Neurology201686191818182610.1212/WNL.000000000000256027164716
     [Google Scholar]
  40. AuroraS.K. DodickD.W. TurkelC.C. DeGryseR.E. SilbersteinS.D. LiptonR.B. DienerH.C. BrinM.F. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: Results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 1 trial.Cephalalgia201030779380310.1177/033310241036467620647170
     [Google Scholar]
  41. DienerH.C. DodickD.W. AuroraS.K. TurkelC.C. DeGryseR.E. LiptonR.B. SilbersteinS.D. BrinM.F. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: Results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 2 trial.Cephalalgia201030780481410.1177/033310241036467720647171
     [Google Scholar]
  42. WelchM.J. PurkissJ.R. FosterK.A. Sensitivity of embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia neurons to Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins.Toxicon200038224525810.1016/S0041‑0101(99)00153‑110665805
     [Google Scholar]
  43. HerdC.P. TomlinsonC.L. RickC. ScottonW.J. EdwardsJ. IvesN. ClarkeC.E. SinclairA. Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults.Cochrane Libr.201820186CD01161610.1002/14651858.CD011616.pub229939406
     [Google Scholar]
  44. NittiV. Haag-MolkentellerC. KennellyM. ChancellorM. JenkinsB. SchurchB. Treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity and overactive bladder with Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA): Development, insights, and impact.Medicine (Baltimore)2023102S1e3237710.1097/MD.000000000003237737499088
     [Google Scholar]
  45. PrzydaczM. GolabekT. ChłostaP. How to assess and predict success or failure of intra-detrusor injections with onabotulinumtoxinA.Adv. Clin. Exp. Med.201928455556710.17219/acem/9076430729759
     [Google Scholar]
  46. JankovicJ. CarruthersJ. NaumannM. OgilvieP. BoodhooT. AttarM. GuptaS. SinghR. SolimanJ. YushmanovaI. BrinM.F. ShenJ. Neutralizing antibody formation with OnabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX®) treatment from global registration studies across multiple indications: A meta-analysis.Toxins202315534210.3390/toxins1505034237235376
     [Google Scholar]
  47. HoW.W.S. AlbrechtP. CalderonP.E. CorduffN. LohD. MartinM.U. ParkJ.Y. SusenoL.S. TsengF.W. VachiramonV. WanitphakdeedechaR. WonC.H. YuJ.N.T. DingleyM. Emerging trends in botulinum neurotoxin a resistance: An international multidisciplinary review and consensus.Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open2022106e440710.1097/GOX.000000000000440735747253
     [Google Scholar]
  48. MünchauA. BhatiaK.P. Regular review: Uses of botulinum toxin injection in medicine today.BMJ2000320722816116510.1136/bmj.320.7228.16110634738
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Allergan Pharmaceuticals Ireland a subsidiary of: Allergan, Inc Prescribing Information for BOTOX.Allergan USA, IncMadison, NJ 07940 ©2022 Allergan2022
     [Google Scholar]
  50. NaikP.P. Utilities of botulinum toxins in dermatology and cosmetology.Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol.2021141319133010.2147/CCID.S33224734584436
     [Google Scholar]
  51. LiX. SuiC. XiaX. ChenX. Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A for treatment of glabellar lines: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Aesthetic Plast. Surg.202347136537710.1007/s00266‑022‑03018‑y36097079
     [Google Scholar]
  52. CohenJ.L. ScuderiN. Safety and patient satisfaction of abobotulinumtoxina for aesthetic use: A systematic review.Aesthet. Surg. J.201737S1S32S4410.1093/asj/sjx01028388721
     [Google Scholar]
  53. WuY. FangF. LaiW. LiC. LiL. LiuQ. LuJ. PangX. SunJ. ShiX. PicautP. PrygovaI. AndriopoulosB. SunQ. Efficacy and safety of abobotulinumtoxina for the treatment of glabellar lines in chinese patients: A pivotal, phase 3, randomized, double-blind and open-label phase study.Aesthetic Plast. Surg.202347135136410.1007/s00266‑022‑03164‑336536093
     [Google Scholar]
  54. DessyL.A. FallicoN. MazzocchiM. ScuderiN. Botulinum toxin for glabellar lines: A review of the efficacy and safety of currently available products.Am. J. Clin. Dermatol.2011126110.2165/11592100‑000000000‑0000021877763
     [Google Scholar]
  55. CotéT.R. MohanA.K. PolderJ.A. WaltonM.K. BraunM.M. Botulinum toxin type A injections: Adverse events reported to the US Food and Drug Administration in therapeutic and cosmetic cases.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.200553340741510.1016/j.jaad.2005.06.01116112345
     [Google Scholar]
  56. KawashimaM. HariiK. HoriuchiY. SeidmanE. LeiX. HopfingerR. LeeE. Safety, efficacy, and patient satisfaction with onabotulinumtoxina for the treatment of upper facial lines in japanese subjects.Dermatol. Surg.202046448349010.1097/DSS.000000000000214331517663
     [Google Scholar]
  57. HexselD. BrumC. PortoM.D. SoirefmannM. SiegaC. Schilling-SouzaJ. RodriguesT.C. Full-face injections of variable total doses of abobotulinum toxin type A: A randomized, phase IV clinical trial of safety and efficacy.J. Drugs Dermatol.201312121356136224301236
     [Google Scholar]
  58. KestemontP. HiltonS. AndriopoulosB. PrygovaI. ThompsonC. VolteauM. AscherB. Long-term efficacy and safety of liquid abobotulinumtoxina formulation for moderate-to-severe glabellar lines: A phase III, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled and open-label study.Aesthet. Surg. J.202242330131310.1093/asj/sjab32934472596
     [Google Scholar]
  59. ChertowD.S. TanE.T. MaslankaS.E. SchulteJ. BresnitzE.A. WeismanR.S. BernsteinJ. MarcusS.M. KumarS. MaleckiJ. SobelJ. BradenC.R. Botulism in 4 adults following cosmetic injections with an unlicensed, highly concentrated botulinum preparation.JAMA2006296202476247910.1001/jama.296.20.247617119144
     [Google Scholar]
  60. GadientP.M. SmithJ.H. RyanS.J. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus following onabotulinumtoxinA administration for chronic migraine: A case report and literature review.Cephalalgia201535544344810.1177/033310241454497425135654
     [Google Scholar]
  61. WangC. ZhaoJ. GaoF. JiaM. HuL. GaoC. The efficacy and safety of intra-articular botulinum toxin type A injection for knee osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Toxicon202322410702610.1016/j.toxicon.2023.10702636640812
     [Google Scholar]
  62. PatilA KassirM WollinaU GoldustM. Neue Botulinumtoxine in der ästhetischen Dermatologie: Ein umfassender Überblick (New botulinum toxins for aesthetic dermatology: A comprehensive review).Hautarzt.202172539340210.1007/s00105‑021‑04801‑9
     [Google Scholar]
  63. CorasanitiM.T. BagettaG. NicoteraP. TarsitanoA. ToninP. SandriniG. LawrenceG.W. ScuteriD. Safety of onabotulinumtoxin a in chronic migraine: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Toxins202315533210.3390/toxins1505033237235366
     [Google Scholar]
  64. LiM GoldbergerBA HopkinsC Fatal case of BOTOX-related anaphylaxis.J Forensic Sci200550169e72
     [Google Scholar]
  65. BotulismAvailable from: https://web.archive.org/web/20170218070333/https://www.britannica.com/science/Botulism
  66. SetlowP. I will survive: DNA protection in bacterial spores.Trends Microbiol200715172e80
     [Google Scholar]
  67. KarsenH. CeylanM.R. BayındırH. AkdenizH. Foodborne botulism in Turkey, 1983 to 2017.Infect. Dis.2019512919610.1080/23744235.2018.152458230663916
     [Google Scholar]
  68. BaiL. PengX. LiuY. SunY. WangX. WangX. LinG. ZhangP. WanK. QiuZ. Clinical analysis of 86 botulism cases caused by cosmetic injection of botulinum toxin (BoNT).Medicine20189734e1065910.1097/MD.000000000001065930142749
     [Google Scholar]
  69. NassifA.D. BoggioR.F. EspicalskyS. FariaG.E.L. High precision use of botulinum toxin type A (BONT-A) in aesthetics based on muscle atrophy, is muscular architecture reprogramming a possibility? A systematic review of literature on muscle atrophy after BoNT-A injections.Toxins20221428110.3390/toxins1402008135202109
     [Google Scholar]
  70. BrennanC. Update on neurotoxins for facial rejuvenation: What they are, how they work, and how to effectively and safely use them.Plast. Surg. Nurs.2015352697510.1097/PSN.000000000000009126020471
     [Google Scholar]
  71. CharatanF. Germs: Biological weapons and America's secret war.BMJ.200132373211135
     [Google Scholar]
  72. MillerJ. EngelbergS. BroadW. Germs: Biological weapons and America's secret war.2001382
     [Google Scholar]
  73. ArnonS.S. SchechterR. InglesbyT.V. HendersonD.A. BartlettJ.G. AscherM.S. EitzenE. FineA.D. HauerJ. LaytonM. LillibridgeS. OsterholmM.T. O’TooleT. ParkerG. PerlT.M. RussellP.K. SwerdlowD.L. TonatK. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: Medical and public health management.JAMA2001285810591070Erratum in JAMA 2001, 285, 208110.1001/jama.285.8.105911209178
     [Google Scholar]
  74. LinL. OlsonM.E. EubanksL.M. JandaK.D. Strategies to counteract botulinum neurotoxin a: Nature’s deadliest biomolecule.Acc. Chem. Res.20195282322233110.1021/acs.accounts.9b0026131322847
     [Google Scholar]
  75. AhsanuddinS. RoyS. NasserW. PovolotskiyR. PaskhoverB. Adverse events associated with botox as reported in a food and drug administration database.Aesthetic Plast. Surg.20214531201120910.1007/s00266‑020‑02027‑z33128076
     [Google Scholar]
  76. OmprakashH.M. RajendranS.C. Botulinum toxin deaths: What is the fact?J. Cutan. Aesthet. Surg.200812959710.4103/0974‑2077.4416920300354
     [Google Scholar]
  77. TugnoliV. EleopraR. QuatraleR. CaponeJ.G. SensiM. GastaldoE. Botulism-like syndrome after botulinum toxin type A injections for focal hyperhidrosis.Br. J. Dermatol.2002147480880910.1046/j.1365‑2133.2002.49101.x12366438
     [Google Scholar]
  78. BhatiaK.P. MünchauA. ThompsonP.D. HouserM. ChauhanV.S. HutchinsonM. ShapiraA.H.V. MarsdenC.D. Generalised muscular weakness after botulinum toxin injections for dystonia: A report of three cases.J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry1999671909310.1136/jnnp.67.1.9010369829
     [Google Scholar]
  79. WilsonF Botulinum toxin: A risks overcome by proper technique.Cosmetic Surg Times200112
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Botox: Highlights of Prescribing Information.2022Available from: https://www.rxabbvie.com/pdf/botox_pi.pdf
  81. Update of safety review of onabotulinumtoxinA (marketed as Botox/Botox Cosmetic), AbobotulinumtoxinA (marketed as Dysport) and RimabotulinumtoxinB (marketed as Myobloc).Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20171115034159/https:/www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfessionals/ucm174959.htm 2017
  82. RimawiB.H. Botulism in pregnancy - A clinical approach to diagnosis and management.J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med.201932183125313210.1080/14767058.2018.145764129577785
     [Google Scholar]
  83. BrinM.F. KirbyR.S. SlavotinekA. Miller-MessanaM.A. ParkerL. YushmanovaI. YangH. Pregnancy outcomes following exposure to onabotulinumtoxinA.Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf.201625217918710.1002/pds.392026635276
     [Google Scholar]
  84. NewmanW.J. DavisT.L. PadaliyaB.B. CovingtonC.D. GillC.E. AbramovitchA.I. CharlesP.D. Botulinum toxin type A therapy during pregnancy.Mov. Disord.200419111384138510.1002/mds.2020515389988
     [Google Scholar]
  85. FrevertJ. Pharmaceutical, biological, and clinical properties of botulinum neurotoxin type A products.Drugs R D.20151511910.1007/s40268‑014‑0077‑125559581
     [Google Scholar]
  86. SmirnoffL. Safety of OnabotulinumtoxinA in the [management of] chronic migraine in pregnancy.Front Pain Res2022396758010.3389/fpain.2022.96758036061414
     [Google Scholar]
  87. AltunalÇ. Şahinerİ.T. Relationship between psychological symptoms and self-esteem levels before and after stomach botox treatment.Med. Sci. Monit.202329e93961810.12659/MSM.93961837029484
     [Google Scholar]
  88. BensenG.P. RutherfordC.C. GardnerT.B. Systemic botulism toxicity caused by pyloric botox injection to treat gastroparesis.Case Rep. Gastroenterol.202014237337610.1159/00050885432884513
     [Google Scholar]
  89. ErikssonS.E. ZhengP. MortonS. MaurerN. HoppoT. JobeB.A. AyaziS. Predictors of favorable outcome after pyloroplasty for gastroparesis: should response to pyloric dilation or Botox injection be used as a marker of surgical outcome?Surg. Endosc.20233764360436910.1007/s00464‑023‑09882‑236749378
     [Google Scholar]
  90. EzaiziY. HasanB. ManiniM.L. AbsahI. Intrapyloric botulinum toxin a injection for gastroparesis and functional upper gastrointestinal symptoms in children: Mayo clinic experience, review of the literature, and meta-analysis.Paediatr. Drugs202224553954510.1007/s40272‑022‑00518‑x35768647
     [Google Scholar]
  91. YenY.A. WangC.C. SungW.W. FangK.C. HuangS.M. LinC.C. TsaiM.C. YangT.W. Intragastric injection of botulinum toxin A for weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.202237698399210.1111/jgh.1584735383416
     [Google Scholar]
  92. CangemiD.J. LacyB.E. Gastroparesis.Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol.202137659660110.1097/MOG.000000000000078234560721
     [Google Scholar]
  93. FriedenbergF.K. PalitA. ParkmanH.P. HanlonA. NelsonD.B. Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of delayed gastric emptying.Am. J. Gastroenterol.2008103241642310.1111/j.1572‑0241.2007.01676.x18070232
     [Google Scholar]
  94. CamilleriM. ParkmanH.P. ShafiM.A. AbellT.L. GersonL. Clinical guideline: Management of gastroparesis.Am. J. Gastroenterol.20131081183710.1038/ajg.2012.37323147521
     [Google Scholar]
  95. ArtsJ. HolvoetL. CaenepeelP. BisschopsR. SifrimD. VerbekeK. JanssensJ. TackJ. Clinical trial: A randomized- controlled crossover study of intrapyloric injection of botulinum toxin in gastroparesis.Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.20072691251125810.1111/j.1365‑2036.2007.03467.x17944739
     [Google Scholar]
  96. BachK. SimmanR. The multispecialty toxin: A literature review of botulinum toxin.Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open2022104e422810.1097/GOX.000000000000422835402123
     [Google Scholar]
  97. UklejaA. TandonK. ShahK. AlvarezA. Endoscopic botox injections in therapy of refractory gastroparesis.World J. Gastrointest. Endosc.20157879079810.4253/wjge.v7.i8.79026191343
     [Google Scholar]
  98. RaoA.K. SobelJ. Chatham-StephensK. LuquezC. Clinical guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of botulism, 2021.MMWR Recomm. Rep.202170213010.15585/mmwr.rr7002a133956777
     [Google Scholar]
  99. ParreraG.S. AstacioH. TungaP. AndersonD.M. HallC.L. RichardsonJ.S. Use of botulism antitoxin heptavalent (A, B, C, D, E, F, G)-(equine) (BAT®) in clinical study subjects and patients: A 15-year systematic safety review.Toxins (Basel)20211411910.3390/toxins1401001935050996
     [Google Scholar]
  100. ShiD.Y. LuJ.S. MaoY.Y. LiuF.J. WangR. DuP. YuS. YuY.Z. YangZ.X. Characterization of a novel tetravalent botulism antitoxin based on receptor-binding domain of BoNTs.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.2023107103205321610.1007/s00253‑023‑12515‑237058230
     [Google Scholar]
  101. AndersonD.M. KumarV.R. ArperD.L. KrugerE. BilirS.P. RichardsonJ.S. Cost savings associated with timely treatment of botulism with botulism antitoxin heptavalent product.PLoS One20191411e022470010.1371/journal.pone.022470031697731
     [Google Scholar]
  102. ChalkC.H. BensteadT.J. PoundJ.D. KeezerM.R. Medical treatment for botulism.Cochrane Libr.201944CD00812310.1002/14651858.CD008123.pub430993666
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cpd/10.2174/0113816128284720240212111926
Loading
Efficacy and Safety Analysis of Botox Application and Iatrogenic Botulism: Panacea or Peril?
Curr. Pharm. Des. 30, 578 (2024); https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128284720240212111926
/content/journals/cpd/10.2174/0113816128284720240212111926
/content/journals/cpd/10.2174/0113816128284720240212111926
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
Keyword(s): Botox; botulinum toxin; botulism; Clostridium botulinum; iatrogenic botulism; paresis; respiratory paralysis

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test