Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Coronaviruses
  4. Fast Track Articles
  5. Fast Track Article
image of Updated COVID‐19 Pharmacotherapy in Different Diseases Such as Cancer

Abstract

Background

Studies suggest that cancer is a main complication regarding life expectancy and a foremost reason for death worldwide. For the treatment of COVID-19 infected 703,525,337 cases with 6,984,801 deaths worldwide up to February 21, 2024, well-designed pharmacotherapy management in different diseases, such as cancer, is respected. This investigation aims to review the current accessible medical treatment for patients with different diseases, cancer, and COVID-19.

Methods

The appropriate documents for this review were achieved by searching databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and PUBMED. Relevant studies included in review articles, clinical trials, and case reports that were evaluated and used (n=109 articles).

Results

In those with cancer and COVID-19, publications reported worsened clinical conditions with a considerably higher risk of death. The result of existing regular antitumor management could be a basis of debate. In the general population, asymptomatic patients with positive nasopharyngeal swabs are recommended to receive antibiotic prophylaxis, and in those with symptomatic signs, adjustment of angiotensin-converting enzyme based on anti-hypertensive therapy should be considered. In patients with liver disease, nitazoxanide plus sofosbuvir, ivermectin, tocilizumab, convalescent plasma, and low molecular weight heparin in certain situations is recommended. Furthermore, favipiravir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine could also be recommended, but with caution regarding to polypharmacy interactions. For those with moderate disease, hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine/azithromycin was recommended. In the patients with respiratory failure, convalescent plasma was suggested. In the populations where those symptoms progress to the sign of a cytokine storm, the antagonists of interleukin-6 (IL-6) were suggested. To reduce fever, however, ibuprofen showed more potent efficacy compared to acetaminophen, but it may delay the benefits of a fever response.

Conclusion

Owing to the immune suppression that could be caused by anti-cancer drugs and deterioration of lung functions due to COVID-19, for proposed management regarding pharmacotherapy strategies, further evidence-based studies seem to be advantageous.

© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/covid/10.2174/0126667975259296240409061101
2024-05-06
2025-03-01

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/covid/10.2174/0126667975259296240409061101
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Sung H. Ferlay J. Siegel R.L. Laversanne M. Soerjomataram I. Jemal A. Bray F. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2021 71 3 209 249 10.3322/caac.21660 33538338
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Tolou-Ghamari Z. Prevalence and demographic characteristics of cancers. Clin. Cancer Investig. J. 2020 9 13 18 10.4103/ccij.ccij_13_20
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Tolou-Ghamari Z. Preliminary study of kidney transplantation from 2007-2019 in Isfahan, Iran. NEMJ 2024 5 10.2174/0250688204666230811142631
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Tolou-Ghamari Z. Palizban A.A. Laboratory Monitoring of Cyclosporine Pre-dose Concentration (C 0) after Kidney Transplantation in Isfahan. IJMS 2003 28 2 81 85
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Tolou-Ghamari Z. Palizban A.A. Michael Tredger J. Clinical monitoring of tacrolimus after liver transplantation using pentamer formation assay and microparticle enzyme immunoassay. Drugs 2004 5 1 17 22 10.2165/00126839‑200405010‑00003 14725486
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Sun J. He W.T. Wang L. Lai A. Ji X. Zhai X. Li G. Suchard M.A. Tian J. Zhou J. Veit M. Su S. COVID-19: Epidemiology, evolution, and cross-disciplinary perspectives. Trends Mol. Med. 2020 26 5 483 495 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.008 32359479
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Tolou-Ghamari Z. Coronavirus and disease such as cancer. Clin Cancer Investig J. 2021 10 3 97 101
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Tadayon F. Shariati A. Tolou-Ghamari Z. [Type of vascular anastomosis and early outcome after kidney transplantation]. Urologiia 2021 3 75 81 34251105
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Katta M. Rapaka S. Adireddi R. Emandi J.R. A preliminary review on novel coronavirus disease: COVID-19. Coronaviruses 2020 1 1 90 97 10.2174/2666796701999200615155630
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Li S. Feng T. Zhang Y. Shi Q. Wang W. Ren J. Shen G. Gu H. Luo C. Li Y. Lianhua Qingwen protects LPS-induced acute lung injury by promoting M2 macrophage infiltration. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2024 320 117467 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117467 37981112
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Wang C. Horby P.W. Hayden F.G. Gao G.F. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 2020 395 10223 470 473 10.1016/S0140‑6736(20)30185‑9 31986257
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Patel U. Rajasingh S. Samanta S. Cao T. Dawn B. Rajasingh J. Macrophage polarization in response to epigenetic modifiers during infection and inflammation. Drug Discov. Today 2017 22 1 186 193 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.08.006 27554801
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Banday AH Shah SA Ajaz SJ Potential immunotherapy against SARS-CoV-2: Strategy and status. Coronaviruses 2020 1 1 23 31 10.2174/2666796701999200625212040
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Kapuria D. Bollipo S. Rabiee A. Ben‐Yakov G. Kumar G. Siau K. Lee H.W. Congly S. Turnes J. Dhanasekaran R. Lui R.N. Roadmap to resuming care for liver diseases after coronavirus disease‐2019. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020 36 4 885 892 10.1111/jgh.15178.doi
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Hamid S. Alvares da Silva M.R. Burak K.W. Chen T. Drenth J.P.H. Esmat G. Gaspar R. LaBrecque D. Lee A. Macedo G. McMahon B. Ning Q. Reau N. Sonderup M. van Leeuwen D.J. Armstrong D. Yurdaydin C. WGO guidance for the care of patients with COVID-19 and liver disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2021 55 1 1 11 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001459 33230011
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Cichoż-Lach H. Michalak A. Liver injury in the era of COVID-19. World J. Gastroenterol. 2021 27 5 377 390 10.3748/wjg.v27.i5.377 33584070
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Feng G. Zheng K.I. Yan Q.Q. Rios R.S. Targher G. Byrne C.D. Poucke S.V. Liu W.Y. Zheng M.H. COVID-19 and liver dysfunction: Current insights and emergent therapeutic strategies. J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol. 2020 8 1 1 7 10.14218/JCTH.2020.00018 32274342
    [Google Scholar]
  18. de Wilde A.H. Snijder E.J. Host factors in coronavirus replication. Roles Host Gene Non-coding RNA Express. Virus Infect. 2018 419 1 42
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Tang T. Bidon M. Jaimes J.A. Whittaker G.R. Daniel S. Coronavirus membrane fusion mechanism offers a potential target for antiviral development. Antiviral Res. 2020 178 104792 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104792 32272173
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Wong S.S.Y. Yuen K.Y. The management of coronavirus infections with particular reference to SARS. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2008 62 3 437 441 10.1093/jac/dkn243 18565970
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Di Lorenzo G. Di Trolio R. Kozlakidis Z. Busto G. Ingenito C. Buonerba L. Ferrara C. Libroia A. Ragone G. Ioio C. Savastano B. Polverino M. De Falco F. Iaccarino S. Leo E. COVID 19 therapies and anti-cancer drugs: A systematic review of recent literature. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2020 152 102991 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102991 32544802
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Akula S.M. Abrams S.L. Steelman L.S. Candido S. Libra M. Lerpiriyapong K. Cocco L. Ramazzotti G. Ratti S. Follo M.Y. Martelli A.M. Blalock W.L. Piazzi M. Montalto G. Cervello M. Notarbartolo M. Basecke J. McCubrey J.A. Cancer therapy and treatments during COVID-19 era. Adv. Biol. Regul. 2020 77 100739 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100739 32773105
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Chen Z.R. Zhou Y. Liu J. Peng H.W. Zhou J. Zhong H.L. Liu L.L. Lai M.F. Wei X.H. Wen J.H. Pharmacotherapics advice in guidelines for COVID-19. Front. Pharmacol. 2020 11 950 10.3389/fphar.2020.00950 32670066
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Li Y. Yang N. Li X. Wang J. Yan T. Strategies for prevention and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease in the department of kidney transplantation. Transpl. Int. 2020 33 9 1040 1045 10.1111/tri.13634 32357275
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Diambra L. Rastmanesh R. COVID-19 mortality and the cytokine storm: An added value for APOE genotyping. Coronaviruses 2022 3 6 e051222211598 10.2174/2666796704666221205152504
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Alqahtani S.A. Schattenberg J.M. Liver injury in COVID‐19: The current evidence. United European Gastroenterol. J. 2020 8 5 509 519 10.1177/2050640620924157 32450787
    [Google Scholar]
  27. World Health Organization Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. 2020 Available From: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/clinical-management-of-novel-cov.pdf
  28. Saber-Ayad M. Saleh M.A. Abu-Gharbieh E. The rationale for potential pharmacotherapy of COVID-19. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020 13 5 96 10.3390/ph13050096 32423024
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Esmat K. Jamil B. Kheder R.K. Kombe Kombe A.J. Zeng W. Ma H. Jin T. Immunoglobulin A response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity. Heliyon 2024 10 1 e24031 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24031 38230244
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Wu W. Jiao X. Song W. Wu P. Xiao P. Huang X. Wang K. Zhan S. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis identifies potential therapeutic targets of Naringenin against COVID-19/LUSC. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne) 2023 14 1187882 10.3389/fendo.2023.1187882 37347115
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Nazir S.U.R. Nazir T. Sultana M. Shamim R. Riaz H. Sultana Munir S. Kayani R.R. Manzoor S. Islam A. The potentially recommended pharmacotherapy for COVID-19. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 2021 27 S1 24 28 33373324
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Singh N. Rai S.N. Singh V. Singh M.P. Molecular characterization, pathogen-host interaction pathway and in silico approaches for vaccine design against COVID-19. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2020 110 101874 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101874 33091590
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Singh V. Mishra V. Environmental impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Bioresour. Technol. Rep. 2021 15 100744 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100744 34189443
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Singh V. Mishra V. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current situation and therapeutic options. Coronaviruses 2021 2 4 481 491 10.2174/2666796701999201005211854
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Harrison A.G. Lin T. Wang P. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and pathogenesis. Trends Immunol. 2020 41 12 1100 1115 10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004 33132005
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Haineala B. Zgura A. Badiu D.C. Iliescu L. Anghel R.M. Bacinschi X.E. Lung cancer, Covid-19 infections and chemotherapy. In Vivo 2021 35 3 1877 1880 10.21873/invivo.12450 33910875
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Hertano D.M. Wiratama B.S. Sutanto H. Immunomodulation as a potent COVID-19 pharmacotherapy: Past, present and future. 2021 Available From: http://doi. Org/10.2147/JIR.S322831
  38. Thibodeaux K Speyrer M Raza A Yaakov R Serena TE Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in preventing mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective case series. J Wound Care. 2020 29 Sup5a S4 S8
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Huang Q. Deng X. Li Y. Sun X. Chen Q. Xie M. Liu S. Qu H. Liu S. Wang L. He G. Gong Z. Clinical characteristics and drug therapies in patients with the common-type coronavirus disease 2019 in Hunan, China. Int. J. Clin. Pharm. 2020 42 3 837 845 10.1007/s11096‑020‑01031‑2 32410206
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Barlow A. Landolf K.M. Barlow B. Yeung S.Y.A. Heavner J.J. Claassen C.W. Heavner M.S. Review of emerging pharmacotherapy for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019. Pharmacotherapy 2020 40 5 416 437 10.1002/phar.2398 32259313
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Derwand R. Scholz M. Does zinc supplementation enhance the clinical efficacy of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine to win today’s battle against COVID-19? Med. Hypotheses 2020 142 109815 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109815 32408070
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Zhang C. Shi L. Wang F.S. Liver injury in COVID-19: Management and challenges. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020 5 5 428 430 10.1016/S2468‑1253(20)30057‑1 32145190
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Chauhan DS Prasad R Srivastava R Jaggi M Chauhan SC Yallapu MM Comprehensive review on current interventions, diagnostics, and nanotechnology perspectives against SARS-CoV-2. Bioconjug Chem. 2020 31 9 2021 2045 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00323
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Davies M. Osborne V. Lane S. Roy D. Dhanda S. Evans A. Shakir S. Remdesivir in treatment of COVID-19: A systematic benefit–risk assessment. Drug Saf. 2020 43 7 645 656 10.1007/s40264‑020‑00952‑1 32468196
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Akter F. Araf Y. Jakir Hosen M. Corticosteroids for COVID-19: Worth it or not? Mol. Biol. Rep. 2021 49 1 10 10.1007/s11033‑021‑06793‑0 34643927
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Han H.J. Nwagwu C. Anyim O. Ekweremadu C. Kim S. COVID-19 and cancer: From basic mechanisms to vaccine development using nanotechnology. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2021 90 107247 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107247 33307513
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Bakouny Z. Hawley J.E. Choueiri T.K. Peters S. Rini B.I. Warner J.L. Painter C.A. Cancer Cell. COVID-19 and Cancer. Curr. Chal. Perspect. 2020 38 5 629 664
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Yang K. Sheng Y. Huang C. Jin Y. Xiong N. Jiang K. Lu H. Liu J. Yang J. Dong Y. Pan D. Shu C. Li J. Wei J. Huang Y. Peng L. Wu M. Zhang R. Wu B. Li Y. Cai L. Li G. Zhang T. Wu G. Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for mortality in patients with cancer and COVID-19 in Hubei, China: A multicentre, retrospective, cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2020 21 7 904 913 10.1016/S1470‑2045(20)30310‑7 32479787
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Wang Q. Cheng J. Shang J. Wang Y. Wan J. Yan Y. Liu W. Zhang H.P. Wang J. Wang X. Li Z. Lin J. Clinical value of laboratory indicators for predicting disease progression and death in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2021 11 10 e043790 10.1136/bmjopen‑2020‑043790 34598979
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Moujaess E Kourie HK Ghosn M Cancer patients and research during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of current evidence. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2020 150 102972 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102972
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Burg R.W. Miller B.M. Baker E.E. Birnbaum J. Currie S.A. Hartman R. Kong Y.L. Monaghan R.L. Olson G. Putter I. Tunac J.B. Wallick H. Stapley E.O. Oiwa R. Ōmura S. Avermectins, new family of potent anthelmintic agents: Producing organism and fermentation. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1979 15 3 361 367 10.1128/AAC.15.3.361 464561
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Caly L. Druce J.D. Catton M.G. Jans D.A. Wagstaff K.M. The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Res. 2020 178 104787 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787 32251768
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Lescure F.X. Bouadma L. Nguyen D. Parisey M. Wicky P.H. Behillil S. Gaymard A. Bouscambert-Duchamp M. Donati F. Le Hingrat Q. Enouf V. Houhou-Fidouh N. Valette M. Mailles A. Lucet J.C. Mentre F. Duval X. Descamps D. Malvy D. Timsit J.F. Lina B. van-der-Werf S. Yazdanpanah Y. Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in Europe: A case series. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020 20 6 697 706 10.1016/S1473‑3099(20)30200‑0 32224310
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Wise J. Tiwari R. O’Halloran S. Fleshner L. Nguyen S. Hersey K. Fallah-Rad N. Fleshner N. Time trends for drug specific adverse events in patients on sunitinib; implications for remote monitoring. Can. J. Urol. 2022 29 3 11136 11141 35691034
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Haineala B. Zgura A. Diaconu C. Mehedintu C. Bacinschi X. Anghel R.M. Long-term response after stopping immunotherapy in a patient with metastatic renal cancer. In Vivo 2021 35 3 1805 1810 10.21873/invivo.12441 33910866
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Cui N. Yan R. Qin C. Zhao J. Clinical characteristics and immune responses of 137 deceased patients With COVID-19: A retrospective study. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2020 10 595333 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595333 33365277
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Nabati M. Parsaee H. Potential cardiotoxic effects of remdesivir on cardiovascular system: A literature review. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 2021 5 1 5 10.1007/s12012‑021‑09703‑9 34643857
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Badgujar K.C. Ram A.H. Zanznay R. Kadam H. Badgujar V.C. Remdesivir for COVID-19: A review of pharmacology, mechanism of action, in-vitro activity and clinical use based on available case studies. J. Drug Deliv. Ther. 2020 10 4-s 264 270 10.22270/jddt.v10i4‑s.4313
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Humeniuk R. Mathias A. Cao H. Osinusi A. Shen G. Chng E. Ling J. Vu A. German P. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of remdesivir, an antiviral for treatment of COVID‐19, in healthy subjects. Clin. Transl. Sci. 2020 13 5 896 906 10.1111/cts.12840 32589775
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Holshue M.L. DeBolt C. Lindquist S. Lofy K.H. Wiesman J. Bruce H. Spitters C. Ericson K. Wilkerson S. Tural A. Diaz G. Cohn A. Fox L. Patel A. Gerber S.I. Kim L. Tong S. Lu X. Lindstrom S. Pallansch M.A. Weldon W.C. Biggs H.M. Uyeki T.M. Pillai S.K. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020 382 10 929 936 10.1056/NEJMoa2001191 32004427
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Min J.Y. Jang Y.J. Macrolide therapy in respiratory viral infections. Mediators Inflamm. 2012 2012 1 9 10.1155/2012/649570 22719178
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Madrid P.B. Panchal R.G. Warren T.K. Shurtleff A.C. Endsley A.N. Green C.E. Kolokoltsov A. Davey R. Manger I.D. Gilfillan L. Bavari S. Tanga M.J. Evaluation of Ebola virus inhibitors for drug repurposing. ACS Infect. Dis. 2015 1 7 317 326 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00030 27622822
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Iannetta M. Ippolito G. Nicastri E. Azithromycin shows anti-zika virus activity in human glial cells. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2017 61 9 e01152-17 10.1128/AAC.01152‑17 28839081
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Tran D.H. Sugamata R. Hirose T. Suzuki S. Noguchi Y. Sugawara A. Ito F. Yamamoto T. Kawachi S. Akagawa K.S. Ōmura S. Sunazuka T. Ito N. Mimaki M. Suzuki K. Azithromycin, a 15-membered macrolide antibiotic, inhibits influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection by interfering with virus internalization process. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 2019 72 10 759 768 10.1038/s41429‑019‑0204‑x 31300721
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Fregatti P. Gipponi M. Giacchino M. Sparavigna M. Murelli F. Toni M.L. Calabrò M.T. Orsino L. Friedman D. Breast cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: An Observational clinical study of the breast surgery clinic at Ospedale Policlinico San Martino – Genoa, Italy. In Vivo 2020 34 3 suppl 1667 1673 10.21873/invivo.11959 32503827
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Buonomo O.C. Materazzo M. Pellicciaro M. Caspi J. Piccione E. Vanni G. Tor Vergata University-Hospital in the beginning of COVID-19-Era: Experience and recommendation for breast cancer patients. In Vivo 2020 34 3 suppl 1661 1665 10.21873/invivo.11958 32503826
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Adegunsoye A. Baccile R. Best T.J. Zaksas V. Zhang H. Karnik R. Patel B.K. Solomonides A.E. Parker W.F. Solway J. Pharmacotherapy and pulmonary fibrosis risk after SARS-CoV-2 infection: A prospective nationwide cohort study in the United States. Lancet Reg. Health - Americas 2023 25 100566 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100566 37564420
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Llanos A.A.M. Ashrafi A. Ghosh N. Tsui J. Lin Y. Fong A.J. Ganesan S. Heckman C.J. Evaluation of inequities in cancer treatment delay or discontinuation following SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Netw. Open 2023 6 1 e2251165 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.51165 36637818
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Santa K. Grape phytochemicals and Vitamin D in the alleviation of lung disorders. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets 2022 22 13 1276 1292 10.2174/1871530322666220407002936 35388768
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Kebede T Kumar D Sharma PK Potential drug options for treatment of COVID-19: A review. Coronaviruses 2020 1 1 42 48 10.2174/2666796701999200701131604
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Wang D. Li Z. Liu Y. An overview of the safety, clinical application and antiviral research of the COVID-19 therapeutics. J. Infect. Public Health 2020 13 10 1405 1414 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.004 32684351
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Lemaitre F. Laviolle B. Mega randomized clinical trials: A definitive solution or a double-edged sword? Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2021 1–2 10.1007/s00228‑021‑03230‑w 34651199
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Athar K Amina K Georges N. Thalidomide-Revisited: Are COVID-19 Patients Going to Be the Latest Victims of Yet Another Theoretical Drug-Repurposing?. Front Immunol. 2020 11 1248
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Li Y. Shi K. Qi F. Yu Z. Chen C. Pan J. Wu G. Chen Y. Li J. Chen Y. Zhou T. Li X. Xia J. Thalidomide combined with short-term low-dose glucocorticoid therapy for the treatment of severe COVID-19: A case-series study. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2021 103 507 513 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.023 33333254
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Grasselli G. Zangrillo A. Zanella A. Antonelli M. Cabrini L. Castelli A. Cereda D. Coluccello A. Foti G. Fumagalli R. Iotti G. Latronico N. Lorini L. Merler S. Natalini G. Piatti A. Ranieri M.V. Scandroglio A.M. Storti E. Cecconi M. Pesenti A. Agosteo E. Alaimo V. Albano G. Albertin A. Alborghetti A. Aldegheri G. Antonini B. Barbara E. Belgiorno N. Belliato M. Benini A. Beretta E. Bianciardi L. Bonazzi S. Borelli M. Boselli E. Bronzini N. Capra C. Carnevale L. Casella G. Castelli G. Catena E. Cattaneo S. Chiumello D. Cirri S. Citerio G. Colombo S. Coppini D. Corona A. Cortellazzi P. Costantini E. Covello R.D. De Filippi G. Dei Poli M. Della Mura F. Evasi G. Fernandez-Olmos R. Forastieri Molinari A. Galletti M. Gallioli G. Gemma M. Gnesin P. Grazioli L. Greco S. Gritti P. Grosso P. Guatteri L. Guzzon D. Harizay F. Keim R. Landoni G. Langer T. Lombardo A. Malara A. Malpetti E. Marino F. Marino G. Mazzoni M.G. Merli G. Micucci A. Mojoli F. Muttini S. Nailescu A. Panigada M. Perazzo P. Perego G.B. Petrucci N. Pezzi A. Protti A. Radrizzani D. Raimondi M. Ranucci M. Rasulo F. Riccio M. Rona R. Roscitano C. Ruggeri P. Sala A. Sala G. Salvi L. Sebastiano P. Severgnini P. Sforzini I. Sigurtà F.D. Subert M. Tagliabue P. Troiano C. Valsecchi R. Viola U. Vitale G. Zambon M. Zoia E. Base line characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy region. Italy. JAMA 2020 323 16 1574 1581 10.1001/jama.2020.5394 32250385
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Zhang J.T. Zhong W.Z. Wu Y.L. Cancer treatment in the coronavirus disease pandemic. Lung Cancer 2021 152 98 103 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.12.012 33373838
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Petrilli C.M. Jones S.A. Yang J. Rajagopalan H. O’Donnell L. Chernyak Y. Tobin K.A. Cerfolio R.J. Francois F. Horwitz L.I. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: Prospective cohort study. BMJ 2020 369 m1966 10.1136/bmj.m1966 32444366
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Pawar A.Y. Combating devastating COVID-19 by drug repurposing. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2020 56 2 105984 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105984 32305589
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Xue J. Moyer A. Peng B. Wu J. Hannafon B.N. Ding W.Q. Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore. PLoS One 2014 9 10 e109180 10.1371/journal.pone.0109180 25271834
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Li Y. He F. Zhou N. Wei J. Ding Z. Wang L. Chen P. Guo S. Zhang B. Wan X. Zhu W. Organ function support in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: Tongji experience. Front. Med. 2020 14 2 232 248 10.1007/s11684‑020‑0774‑9 32405974
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Chen C. Qi F. Shi K. Thalidomide Combined with Low‐dose Glucocorticoid in the Treatment of COVID‐19. 2020 Available From: www.preprints.org/manuscript/202002.0395/v1
  82. Blaising J. Polyak S.J. Pécheur E.I. Arbidol as a broad-spectrum antiviral: An update. Antiviral Res. 2014 107 84 94 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.04.006 24769245
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Jordan P.C. Stevens S.K. Deval J. Nucleosides for the treatment of respiratory RNA virus infections. Antivir. Chem. Chemother. 2018 26 10.1177/2040206618764483 29562753
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Stockman L.J. Bellamy R. Garner P. SARS: Systematic review of treatment effects. PLoS Med. 2006 3 9 e343 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030343 16968120
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Amawi H. Ghina’a I. COVID-19 pandemic: An overview of epidemiology, parthenogenesis, diagnostics and potential vaccines and therapeutics. Ther. Deliv. 2020 11 4 245 268 10.4155/tde‑2020‑0035 32397911
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Russell C.D. Millar J.E. Baillie J.K. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet 2020 395 10223 473 475 10.1016/S0140‑6736(20)30317‑2 32043983
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Luo P. Liu Y. Qiu L. Liu X. Liu D. Li J. Tocilizumab treatment in COVID‐19: A single center experience. J. Med. Virol. 2020 92 7 814 818 10.1002/jmv.25801 32253759
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Zhai P. Ding Y. Wu X. Long J. Zhong Y. Li Y. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2020 55 5 105955 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105955 32234468
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Li C.C. Wang X.J. Wang H.C.R. Repurposing host-based therapeutics to control coronavirus and influenza virus. Drug Discov. Today 2019 24 3 726 736 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.01.018 30711575
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Li H Wang YM Xu JY Cao B [Potential antiviral therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2020 43 0 E002 736
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Li H. Zhou Y. Zhang M. Wang H. Zhao Q. Liu J. Updated approaches against SARS-CoV-2. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2020 64 6 e00483-20 10.1128/AAC.00483‑20 32205349
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Ballout RA Sviridov D Bukrinsky MI Remaley AT The lysosome: A potential juncture between SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and Niemann-Pick disease type C, with therapeutic implications. FASEB J. 2020 34 6 7253 7264 10.1096/fj.202000654R
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Algaissi A. Hashem A.M. Evaluation of MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies in sera using live virus microneutralization assay. Methods Mol. Biol. 2020 2099 107 116 10.1007/978‑1‑0716‑0211‑9_9 31883091
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Goo J. Jeong Y. Park Y.S. Yang E. Jung D.I. Rho S. Park U. Sung H. Park P.G. Choi J. Seo S.H. Cho N.H. Lee H. Lee J.M. Kim J.O. Song M. Characterization of novel monoclonal antibodies against MERS-coronavirus spike protein. Virus Res. 2020 278 197863 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197863 31945421
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Hijikata A. Shionyu-Mitsuyama C. Nakae S. Shionyu M. Ota M. Kanaya S. Shirai T. Knowledge‐based structural models of SARS‐CoV‐2 proteins and their complexes with potential drugs. FEBS Lett. 2020 594 12 1960 1973 10.1002/1873‑3468.13806 32379896
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Azkur A.K. Akdis M. Azkur D. Sokolowska M. van de Veen W. Brüggen M.C. O’Mahony L. Gao Y. Nadeau K. Akdis C.A. Immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID‐19. Allergy 2020 75 7 1564 1581 10.1111/all.14364 32396996
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Baglivo M. Baronio M. Natalini G. Beccari T. Chiurazzi P. Fulcheri E. Petralia P.P. Michelini S. Fiorentini G. Miggiano G.A. Morresi A. Tonini G. Bertelli M. Natural small molecules as inhibitors of coronavirus lipid-dependent attachment to host cells: A possible strategy for reducing SARS-COV-2 infectivity? Acta Biomed. 2020 91 1 161 164 32191676
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Elens L Langman LJ Hesselink DA Bergan S Moes DJ Molinaro M Venkataramanan R Lemaitre F Pharmacologic treatment of transplant recipients infected with SARS-CoV-2: Considerations regarding therapeutic drug monitoring and drug-drug interactions. Ther Drug Monit. 2020 42 3 360 368 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000761
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Hussain A. Bhowmik B. do Vale Moreira N.C. COVID-19 and diabetes: Knowledge in progress. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2020 162 108142 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108142 32278764
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Pascarella G. Strumia A. Piliego C. Bruno F. Del Buono R. Costa F. Scarlata S. Agrò F.E. COVID‐19 diagnosis and management: A comprehensive review. J. Intern. Med. 2020 288 2 192 206 10.1111/joim.13091 32348588
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Curigliano G. Banerjee S. Cervantes A. Garassino M.C. Garrido P. Girard N. Haanen J. Jordan K. Lordick F. Machiels J.P. Michielin O. Peters S. Tabernero J. Douillard J.Y. Pentheroudakis G. Addeo A. Albiges L. Ascierto P.A. Banerjee S. Barlesi F. Caldas C. Cardoso F. Cervantes A. Chaberny I.F. Cherny N.I. Choueiri T.K. Chua M.L.K. Criscitiello C. Curigliano G. de Azambuja E. De Ruysscher D. de Vries E. Dent R. Douillard J.Y. D’Ugo D. Dziadziuszko R. Faivre-Finn C. Felip E. Garassino M. Garrido P. Girard N. Glynne-Jones R. Golfinopoulos V. Haanen J. Hamilton E. Jänne P.A. Jordan K. Kanesvaran R. Kim S.B. Liebert U.G. Lordick F. Machiels J.P. Michielin O. Mok T.S.K. Morgan G. Obermannova R. Park K. Passaro A. Pentheroudakis G. Peters S. Reck M. Salazar Soler R. Scotté F. Senan S. Sessa C. Smyth E. Soo R. Soria J.C. Spicer J. Strasser F. Tabernero J. Tan D.S.W. Trapani D. Van Cutsem E. van Halteren H. van Schil P.E. Veronesi G. Yang J. Managing cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: An ESMO multidisciplinary expert consensus. Ann. Oncol. 2020 31 10 1320 1335 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.07.010 32745693
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Basse C. Diakite S. Servois V. Frelaut M. Noret A. Bellesoeur A. Moreau P. Massiani M.A. Bouyer A.S. Vuagnat P. Malak S. Bidard F.C. Vanjak D. Kriegel I. Burnod A. Bilger G. Ramtohul T. Dhonneur G. Bouleuc C. Cassoux N. Paoletti X. Bozec L. Cottu P. Characteristics and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2021 5 1 pkaa090 10.1093/jncics/pkaa090 33604509
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Grenda T.R. Whang S. Evans N.R. III Transitioning a surgery practice to telehealth during COVID-19. Ann. Surg. 2020 272 2 e168 e169 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004008 32675529
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Passamonti F. Nicastri E. Di Rocco A. Guarini A. Ibatici A. Luminari S. Mikulska M. Visco C. Management of patients with lymphoma and COVID‐19: Narrative review and evidence‐based practical recommendations. Hematol. Oncol. 2023 41 1 3 15 10.1002/hon.3086 36251481
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Schiappacasse G.V. Ethical considerations in chemotherapy and vaccines in cancer patients in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Curr. Oncol. 2021 28 3 2007 2013 10.3390/curroncol28030186 34073214
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Tang L.V. Hu Y. Poor clinical outcomes for patients with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Oncol. 2020 21 7 862 864 10.1016/S1470‑2045(20)30311‑9 32479788
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Gulati S. Muddasani R. Gustavo Bergerot P. Pal S.K. Systemic therapy and COVID19: Immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Urol. Oncol. 2021 39 4 213 220 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.12.022 33451934
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Iqbal M.S. Naqvi R.A. Alizadehsani R. Hussain S. Moqurrab S.A. Lee S.W. An adaptive ensemble deep learning framework for reliable detection of pandemic patients. Comput. Biol. Med. 2024 168 107836 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107836 38086139
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Han J.Y. Kim S. Han J. Kim S.S. Han S.H. Lee S.W. Kim Y.J. Neuro-ophthalmic adverse events of COVID-19 infection and vaccines: A nationwide cohort study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2023 64 14 37 10.1167/iovs.64.14.37 38010696
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/covid/10.2174/0126667975259296240409061101
Loading
Updated COVID‐19 Pharmacotherapy in Different Diseases Such as Cancer
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975259296240409061101
/content/journals/covid/10.2174/0126667975259296240409061101
/content/journals/covid/10.2174/0126667975259296240409061101
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

Supplementary material is available on the publisher's website along with the published article.

file format download Download

  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keywords: cancer ; respiratory distress ; COVID‐19 ; Pharmacotherapy ; liver diseases ; bats
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test