Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Current Nutrition & Food Science
  4. Fast Track Articles
  5. Fast Track Article
image of Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Fatigue and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Long COVID and its Correlation with Symptom Severity

Abstract

Background

Despite the potential role of vitamin D in the acute phase of COVID-19, studies on its prevalence and association with long COVID severity are limited, leaving the relationship between vitamin D levels and long COVID symptoms unclear.

Aim

The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with fatigue or neuropsychiatric symptoms of long COVID and its correlation with the severity of symptoms.

Methods

A cross-sectional, single-center study was conducted at Thammasat University Hospital, Thailand. The study recruited participants between the ages of 18 and 60 years who had received a diagnosis of COVID-19 and had at least one long COVID symptom, including fatigue or neuropsychiatric symptoms. Vitamin D level was collected, and clinical severity was assessed using the Chalder Fatigue Scale [CFQ-11], Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items [DASS-21], Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI], Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III [ACE], and Trail Making Test A & B [TMT-A and TMT-B].

Results

A total of 82 patients were recruited; most were female [78%], with a mean age of 34.2 years. Most participants had a vitamin D deficiency [<20 ng/mL, 73.2%], accounting for 23.2% vitamin D insufficiency [20-30 ng/mL], and 3.6% had an adequate vitamin D level. Only gender was associated with vitamin D levels. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that the vitamin D level was not correlated with all clinical outcomes, including total CFQ, total DASS, DASS depression, DASS anxiety, total PSQI, total ACE score, and total TMT scores.

Conclusion

The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was high in patients with long COVID, with female gender serving as predictors of lower vitamin D levels. However, no associations were found between vitamin D level and fatigue syndrome, depression, anxiety, sleep problems, or cognitive function.

© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cnf/10.2174/0115734013330182240930072138
2024-10-11
2024-11-26

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cnf/10.2174/0115734013330182240930072138
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Nasserie T. Hittle M. Goodman S.N. Assessment of the frequency and variety of persistent symptoms among patients with COVID-19: A systematic review. JAMA Netw. Open 2021 4 5 e2111417 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11417 34037731
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Taquet M. Dercon Q. Luciano S. Geddes J.R. Husain M. Harrison P.J. Incidence, co-occurrence, and evolution of long-COVID features: A 6-month retrospective cohort study of 273,618 survivors of COVID-19. PLoS Med. 2021 18 9 e1003773 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003773 34582441
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Badenoch J.B. Rengasamy E.R. Watson C. Jansen K. Chakraborty S. Sundaram R.D. Hafeez D. Burchill E. Saini A. Thomas L. Cross B. Hunt C.K. Conti I. Ralovska S. Hussain Z. Butler M. Pollak T.A. Koychev I. Michael B.D. Holling H. Nicholson T.R. Rogers J.P. Rooney A.G. Persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms after COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Commun. 2022 4 1 fcab297 10.1093/braincomms/fcab297 35169700
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Holick M.F. Binkley N.C. Bischoff-Ferrari H.A. Gordon C.M. Hanley D.A. Heaney R.P. Murad M.H. Weaver C.M. Endocrine Society Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011 96 7 1911 1930 10.1210/jc.2011‑0385 21646368
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Crowe F.L. Steur M. Allen N.E. Appleby P.N. Travis R.C. Key T.J. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: results from the EPIC–Oxford study. Public Health Nutr. 2011 14 2 340 346 10.1017/S1368980010002454 20854716
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Palacios C Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014 144 Pt A 138 145
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Amrein K. Scherkl M. Hoffmann M. Neuwersch-Sommeregger S. Köstenberger M. Tmava Berisha A. Martucci G. Pilz S. Malle O. Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: An update on the current status worldwide. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2020 74 11 1498 1513 10.1038/s41430‑020‑0558‑y 31959942
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Oristrell J. Oliva J.C. Casado E. Subirana I. Domínguez D. Toloba A. Balado A. Grau M. Vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 risk: A population-based, cohort study. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 2022 45 1 167 179 10.1007/s40618‑021‑01639‑9 34273098
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Seal K.H. Bertenthal D. Carey E. Grunfeld C. Bikle D.D. Lu C.M. Association of vitamin D status and COVID-19-related hospitalization and mortality. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2022 37 4 853 861 10.1007/s11606‑021‑07170‑0 34981368
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Oscanoa T. Amado J. Vidal X. Laird E. Ghashut R. Romero-Ortuno R. The relationship between the severity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration - a metaanalysis. Adv. Respir. Med. 2021 89 2 145 157 10.5603/ARM.a2021.0037 33966262
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Townsend L. Dyer A.H. McCluskey P. O’Brien K. Dowds J. Laird E. Bannan C. Bourke N.M. Ní Cheallaigh C. Byrne D.G. Kenny R.A. Investigating the relationship between vitamin D and persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nutr. 2021 13 7 2430 10.3390/nu13072430 34371940
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Mohamed Hussein A.A.R. Galal I. Amin M.T. Moshnib A.A. Makhlouf N.A. Makhlouf H.A. Abd-Elaal H.K. Kholief K.M.S. Abdel Tawab D.A. Kamal Eldin K.A. Attia A.M. Othman A.E.A. Shah J. Aiash H. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among patients attending Post COVID-19 follow-up clinic: A cross-sectional study. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2022 26 8 3038 3045 35503606
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Charoenporn V. Tungsukruthai P. Charernboon T. Sriyakul K. Sukprasert S. Kamalashiran C. Fatigue and neuropsychiatric manifestations of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): Examining the relationship with clinical and inflammatory markers. Fatigue: Biomed. Health Behav. 2024 12 1 14 31 10.1080/21641846.2023.2286028
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Institute of Medicine (US) committee to review dietary reference intakes for vitamin d and calcium. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. The National Academies Press Washington, DC 2011 10.17226/13050
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Chalder T. Berelowitz G. Pawlikowska T. Watts L. Wessely S. Wright D. Wallace E.P. Development of a fatigue scale. J. Psychosom. Res. 1993 37 2 147 153 10.1016/0022‑3999(93)90081‑P 8463991
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Lovibond P.F. Lovibond S.H. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behav. Res. Ther. 1995 33 3 335 343 10.1016/0005‑7967(94)00075‑U 7726811
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Buysse D.J. Reynolds C.F. III Monk T.H. Berman S.R. Kupfer D.J. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989 28 2 193 213 10.1016/0165‑1781(89)90047‑4 2748771
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Hsieh S. Schubert S. Hoon C. Mioshi E. Hodges J.R. Validation of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 2013 36 3-4 242 250 10.1159/000351671 23949210
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Charernboon T. Adjusting the Thai version of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III for education to screen for dementia. Neurodegener. Dis. Manag. 2021 11 4 299 305 10.2217/nmt‑2021‑0001 34232071
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Charernboon T. Jaisin K. Lerthattasilp T. The Thai Version of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III. Psychiatry Investig. 2016 13 5 571 573 10.4306/pi.2016.13.5.571 27757137
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Charernboon T. Chompookard P. Detecting cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia with the addenbrooke’s cognitive examination. Asian J. Psychiatr. 2019 40 19 22 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.01.006 30690276
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Crowe S.F. The differential contribution of mental tracking, cognitive flexibility, visual search, and motor speed to performance on parts A and B of the trail making test. J. Clin. Psychol. 1998 54 5 585 591 10.1002/(SICI)1097‑4679(199808)54:5<585::AID‑JCLP4>3.0.CO;2‑K 9696108
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Nimitphong H. Chailurkit L. Chanprasertyothin S. Sritara P. Ongphiphadhanakul B. The Association of vitamin D status and fasting glucose according to body fat mass in young healthy Thais. BMC Endocr. Disord. 2013 13 1 60 10.1186/1472‑6823‑13‑60 24369921
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Chailurkit L. Kruavit A. Rajatanavin R. Vitamin D status and bone health in healthy Thai elderly women. Nutr. 2011 27 2 160 164 10.1016/j.nut.2009.12.001 20392596
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Kruavit A. Chailurkit L. Thakkinstian A. Sriphrapradang C. Rajatanavin R. Prevalence of Vitamin D insufficiency and low bone mineral density in elderly Thai nursing home residents. BMC Geriatr. 2012 12 1 49 10.1186/1471‑2318‑12‑49 22938528
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Anuroj K. Vitamin D deficiency and depression in Thai medical students during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. East Asian Arch. Psychiatry 2022 32 3 51 56 10.12809/eaap2209 36172722
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Chailurkit L. Aekplakorn W. Ongphiphadhanakul B. Regional variation and determinants of vitamin D status in sunshine-abundant Thailand. BMC Public Health 2011 11 1 853 10.1186/1471‑2458‑11‑853 22074319
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Roy S. Sherman A. Monari-Sparks M. Schweiker O. Hunter K. Correction of low vitamin D improves fatigue: Effect of correction of low vitamin D in fatigue study (EViDiF study). N. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2014 6 8 396 402 10.4103/1947‑2714.139291 25210673
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Kashid M. Rai S.K. Gupta T.P. Shaki O. Chakrabarty B. Upreti V. Can self-perceived easy fatigability be a predictor of vitamin D deficiency in young Indian women? J. Family Med. Prim. Care 2020 9 2 997 1002 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_862_19 32318457
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Bičíková M. Dušková M. Vítků J. Kalvachová B. Řípová D. Mohr P. Stárka L. Vitamin D in anxiety and affective disorders. Physiol. Res. 2015 64 Suppl. 2 S101 S103 10.33549/physiolres.933082 26680471
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Anglin R.E.S. Samaan Z. Walter S.D. McDonald S.D. Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Psychiatry 2013 202 2 100 107 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.106666 23377209
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Davis H.E. McCorkell L. Vogel J.M. Topol E.J. Long COVID: Major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2023 21 3 133 146 10.1038/s41579‑022‑00846‑2 36639608
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Cashman K.D. Vitamin D deficiency: Defining, prevalence, causes, and strategies of addressing. Calcif. Tissue Int. 2020 106 1 14 29 10.1007/s00223‑019‑00559‑4 31069443
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cnf/10.2174/0115734013330182240930072138
Loading
Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Fatigue and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Long COVID and its Correlation with Symptom Severity
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734013330182240930072138
/content/journals/cnf/10.2174/0115734013330182240930072138
/content/journals/cnf/10.2174/0115734013330182240930072138
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keywords: vitamin D ; long COVID ; Post-COVID-19 ; Depression, fatigue

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test