Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Current Nanoscience
  4. Volume 21, Issue 1
  5. Article
Volume 21, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1573-4137
  • E-ISSN: 1875-6786

Abstract

Background

The rise in antimicrobial resistance, caused by the production of biofilms by bacteria, is a significant concern in the field of healthcare. Nanoemulsion technology presents itself as a viable alternative in the quest to circumvent antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria.

Objective

The aim of this research was to form a sustainable nanoemulsion from and evaluate its antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities against the clinical isolates of and

Materials and Methods

Bioactive compounds of the oil were identified using GC-MS. essential oil (ZMEO) nanoemulsion was formulated as a water-dispersible nanoemulsion with a diameter of 184.88 ± 1.18 nm. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the essential oil in both pure and nanoemulsion forms were assessed against pathogenic bacteria causing hospital-acquired infections using minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the microtiter method, respectively.

Results

The main constituents were found to be linalool (78.66%), carvacrol (14.25%), and α-pinene (4.53%). Neither ZMEO nor the emulsified ZMEO showed any antimicrobial activity. However, ZMEO exhibited a low inhibition of biofilm formation by and . The most promising finding was that when the emulsified ZMEO was present at a concentration of 750 µg/mL, it significantly reduced biofilm formation by the aforementioned bacteria to 39.68% ± 2.62, 56.54% ± 3.35, and 59.60% ± 2.88, respectively. This result suggests that ZMEO nanoemulsion has the potential to effectively disrupt persistent biofilms and enhance the penetration of antimicrobial agents into the biofilm matrix.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the study provides evidence supporting the use of ZMEO nanoemulsion as a potential treatment option for combating biofilm-related infections caused by and . Further research is warranted to explore the practical application of the proposed essential oil in clinical settings.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cnano/10.2174/0115734137281383240116052904
2025-01-01
2024-11-26

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cnano/10.2174/0115734137281383240116052904
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. MiquelS. LagrafeuilleR. SouweineB. ForestierC. Anti-biofilm activity as a health issue.Front. Microbiol.2016759210.3389/fmicb.2016.00592 27199924
     [Google Scholar]
  2. PanlilioH. RiceC.V. The role of extracellular DNA in the formation, architecture, stability, and treatment of bacterial biofilms.Biotechnol. Bioeng.202111862129214110.1002/bit.27760 33748946
     [Google Scholar]
  3. MishraR. PandaA.K. De MandalS. ShakeelM. BishtS.S. KhanJ. Natural anti-biofilm agents: strategies to control biofilm-forming pathogens.Front. Microbiol.20201156632510.3389/fmicb.2020.566325 33193155
     [Google Scholar]
  4. SharififarF. MirtajadiniM. AzampourM.J. ZamaniE. Essential oil and methanolic extract of Zataria multiflora Boiss with anticholinesterase effect.Pak. J. Biol. Sci.2011151495310.1016/j.jep.2012.12.018 23266333
     [Google Scholar]
  5. BaratiM. SharifiI. SharififarF. In vitro evaluation of anti-Leishmanial activities of Zataria multiflora Boiss, Peganum harmala and Myrtus communis by colorimetric assay.J. Kerman Univ. Med. Sci.20101713242
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Saei-DehkordiS.S. TajikH. MoradiM. Khalighi-SigaroodiF. Chemical composition of essential oils in Zataria multiflora Boiss. from different parts of Iran and their radical scavenging and antimicrobial activity.Food Chem. Toxicol.20104861562156710.1016/j.fct.2010.03.025 20332011
     [Google Scholar]
  7. ShafieeA. JavidniaK. Composition of essential oil of Zataria multiflora.Planta Med.199763437137210.1055/s‑2006‑957707 17252397
     [Google Scholar]
  8. SharififarF. DerakhshanfarA. Dehghan-NudehG. AbbasiN. AbbasiR. GharaeiR.R. KoohpayehA. DaneshpajouhM. In vivo antioxidant activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil.Pak. J. Pharm. Sci.2011242221225 21454174
     [Google Scholar]
  9. MoosavyM.H. BastiA.A. MisaghiA. SalehiT.Z. AbbasifarR. MousaviH.A.E. AlipourM. RazaviN.E. GandomiH. NooriN. Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and nisin on Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in a food model system and on the bacterial cell membranes.Food Res. Int.200841101050105710.1016/j.foodres.2008.07.018
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Mahdavi OurtakandM. KhodayiM. Honarmand JahromiS. Antibacterial effect of Zataria multiflora Essential oil against biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates.J. Iranian J. Biol. Sci.201813118
     [Google Scholar]
  11. MehdizadehT. NarimaniR. Mojaddar LangroodiA. Moghaddas KiaE. Neyriz-NaghadehiM. Antimicrobial effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil and Lactobacillus acidophilus on Escherichia coli O157 stability in the Iranian probiotic white‐brined cheese.J. Food Saf.2018384e1247610.1111/jfs.12476
     [Google Scholar]
  12. EftekharF. ZamaniS. YousefzadiM. HadianJ. NezhadebrahimiS. Antibacterial activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil against extended spectrum β lactamase produced by urinary isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia.Jundishapur J. Microbiol.201141S43S9
     [Google Scholar]
  13. BastiA.A. MisaghiA. KhaschabiD. Growth response and modelling of the effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil, pH and temperature on Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus.Lebensm. Wiss. Technol.200740697398110.1016/j.lwt.2006.07.007
     [Google Scholar]
  14. FazeliM.R. AminG. AttariM.M.A. AshtianiH. JamalifarH. SamadiN. Antimicrobial activities of Iranian sumac and avishan-e shirazi (Zataria multiflora) against some food-borne bacteria.Food Control200718664664910.1016/j.foodcont.2006.03.002
     [Google Scholar]
  15. RahnamaM. NajimiM. AliS. Antibacterial effects of Myristica fragrans, Zataria multiflora Boiss, Syzygium aromaticum, and Zingiber officinale Rosci essential oils, alone and in combination with nisin on Listeria monocytogenes.Comp. Clin. Pathol.20122161313131610.1007/s00580‑011‑1287‑3
     [Google Scholar]
  16. SaeidiS. MohsenbeygiM. RoustakhizJ. JavadianF. HassanshahianM. Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects of Mentha piperita and Zataria multiflora on pathogenic bacteria.J. Med. Bacteriol.201981-23744
     [Google Scholar]
  17. MahboubiM. HeidarytabarR. MahdizadehE. Antibacterial activity of Zataria multiflora essential oil and its main components against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Herba Pol.2017633182410.1515/hepo‑2017‑0015
     [Google Scholar]
  18. KhalediA. MeskiniM. A systematic review of the effects of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad and Zataria multiflora Boiss against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Iran. J. Med. Sci.20204528390 32210484
     [Google Scholar]
  19. YazdanianA. BagheriA. TebyanianH. Evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of herb-al extracts (Zataria multiflora, echinacea purpurea, arctium lappa) On pathogenic bacteria in dog’s mouth.The 2nd Regional Conference on Cow Comfort & Lameness,18-20 July,2022, Iran.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. SharififarF. MoshafiM.H. MansouriS.H. KhodashenasM. KhoshnoodiM. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extract of endemic Zataria multiflora Boiss.Food Control200718780080510.1016/j.foodcont.2006.04.002
     [Google Scholar]
  21. MoghimiR. GhaderiL. RafatiH. AliahmadiA. McClementsD.J. Superior antibacterial activity of nanoemulsion of Thymus daenensis essential oil against E. coli.Food Chem.201619441041510.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.139 26471573
     [Google Scholar]
  22. SugumarS. NirmalaJ. GhoshV. AnjaliH. MukherjeeA. ChandrasekaranN. Bio-based nanoemulsion formulation, characterization and antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogens.J. Basic Microbiol.201353867768510.1002/jobm.201200060 22961665
     [Google Scholar]
  23. YazganH. Investigation of antimicrobial properties of sage essential oil and its nanoemulsion as antimicrobial agent.Lebensm. Wiss. Technol.202013010966910.1016/j.lwt.2020.109669
     [Google Scholar]
  24. DonsìF. FerrariG. Essential oil nanoemulsions as antimicrobial agents in food.J. Biotechnol.201623310612010.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.005 27416793
     [Google Scholar]
  25. AshaoluT.J. Nanoemulsions for health, food, and cosmetics: A review.J. Environmen. Chem. Lett.2021115
     [Google Scholar]
  26. SaharkhizM.J. RahimiM.J. BandegiA. ZomorodianK. BazarganiA. ShekarkharG. BandeganiA. PakshirK. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils from three ecotypes of Zataria multiflora.Pharmacogn. Mag.2011725535910.4103/0973‑1296.75902 21472080
     [Google Scholar]
  27. MohamadiN. RajaeiP. Effects of different ecological condition on the quality and quantity of essential oils of Artemisia persica Boiss. Populations from Kerman, Iran.J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants201619120020710.1080/0972060X.2014.983994
     [Google Scholar]
  28. AljelehawyQ.H.A. MohammadiS. MohamadianE. Raji Mal AllahO. MirzaeiA. GhahremanlouM. Antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antineurodegenerative, and antirheumatic activities of thymol: Clarification of mechanisms.Micro. Nano. Bio. Aspects.20232117
     [Google Scholar]
  29. LahiriD. NagM. DuttaB. DeyS. MukherjeeD. JoshiS.J. RayR.R. Antibiofilm and anti‐quorum sensing activities of eugenol and linalool from Ocimum tenuiflorum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.J. Appl. Microbiol.202113162821283710.1111/jam.15171 34077580
     [Google Scholar]
  30. PraseethaS. SukumaranS.T. DanM. AugustusA.R. PandianS.K. SugathanS. The anti-biofilm potential of linalool, a major compound from hedychium larsenii, against Streptococcus pyogenes and its toxicity assessment in danio rerio.Antibiotics202312354510.3390/antibiotics12030545 36978412
     [Google Scholar]
  31. PrakashA. VadivelV. RubiniD. NithyanandP. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of linalool nanoemulsions against Salmonella Typhimurium.Food Biosci.201928576510.1016/j.fbio.2019.01.018
     [Google Scholar]
  32. MastoorS. NazimF. Rizwan-ul-HasanS. AhmedK. KhanS. AliS.N. AbidiS.H. Analysis of the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of natural compounds and their analogues against staphylococcus aureus isolates.Molecules20222720687410.3390/molecules27206874 36296467
     [Google Scholar]
  33. LahiriD. DashS. DuttaR. NagM. Elucidating the effect of anti-biofilm activity of bioactive compounds extracted from plants.J. Biosci.20194425210.1007/s12038‑019‑9868‑4 31180065
     [Google Scholar]
  34. ShahabiN. TajikH. MoradiM. ForoughM. EzatiP. Physical, antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil nanoemulsion.Int. J. Food Sci. Technol.20175271645165210.1111/ijfs.13438
     [Google Scholar]
  35. LouZ. ChenJ. YuF. WangH. KouX. MaC. ZhuS. The antioxidant, antibacterial, antibiofilm activity of essential oil from Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis and its nanoemulsion.Lebensm. Wiss. Technol.20178037137710.1016/j.lwt.2017.02.037
     [Google Scholar]
  36. JinaY. ChihibN-E. GharsallaouiA. DumasE. IsmailA. KaramL. Essential oils and their active components applied as: Free, encapsulated and in hurdle technology to fight microbial contaminations.Heliyon2022812e12472
     [Google Scholar]
  37. LetsididiK.S. LouZ. LetsididiR. MohammedK. MaguyB.L.J.L. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of trans-cinnamic acid nanoemulsion and its potential application on lettuce. LWTElsevier201894253210.1016/j.lwt.2018.04.018
     [Google Scholar]
  38. da Silva GündelS. de SouzaM.E. QuatrinP.M. KleinB. WagnerR. GündelA. VaucherR.A. SantosR.C.V. OuriqueA.F. Nanoemulsions containing cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: Development, characterization, stability study and evaluation of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities.Microb. Pathog.201811826827610.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.043 29581028
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cnano/10.2174/0115734137281383240116052904
Loading
Nanoencapsulation of Zataria multiflora Essential Oil Containing Linalool Reduced Antibiofilm Resistance against Multidrug-resistant Clinical Strains
Curr. Nanosci. 21, 111 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734137281383240116052904
/content/journals/cnano/10.2174/0115734137281383240116052904
/content/journals/cnano/10.2174/0115734137281383240116052904
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keyword(s): antimicrobial resistance; biofilm formation; essential oil; GC-MS; nanoemulsion; Zataria multiflora

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test