Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Current Diabetes Reviews
  4. Volume 21, Issue 1
  5. Article
Volume 21, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1573-3998
  • E-ISSN: 1875-6417

Abstract

Introduction

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is on a rapid rise in Tanzania, driven by lifestyle modifications, nutritional changes, and increased obesity rates. This article reviews the epidemiology, and disease trends of type 2 diabetes in Tanzania and explores the economic implications and challenges in care, including policy, education, and healthcare systems.

Methodology

The study employs a narrative literature review from research articles, local healthcare reports, surveys, and public health records. It evaluates the economic impacts, healthcare capabilities, and patient behaviors in managing type 2 diabetes in Tanzania.

Results

The economic burden of diabetes in Tanzania is increasing due to direct healthcare costs, lost productivity, and reduced quality of life, placing significant pressure on the already resource-limited healthcare system. Treatment dropout rates are alarmingly high, and healthcare providers' knowledge of diabetes is insufficient. Insulin and metformin availability are critically low. Cultural norms and dietary habits pose substantial barriers to effective disease management.

Conclusion

The growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Tanzania presents a significant public health crisis, necessitating comprehensive strategies for prevention, early detection, and effective disease management. Priorities should include enhancing healthcare infrastructure, increasing public investment, improving healthcare education, and tackling socio-cultural barriers to disease management.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998267513231208100124
2024-01-03
2025-05-24

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998267513231208100124
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. NjelekelaM. KugaS. NaraY. Prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia in middle-aged men and women in Tanzania, Africa: relationship with resting energy expenditure and dietary factors.J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol.200248535235810.3177/jnsv.48.352 12656207
     [Google Scholar]
  2. ZuberyD. KimiyweJ. MartinH.D. Prevalence of overweight and obesity, and its associated factors among health-care workers, teachers, and bankers in arusha city, Tanzania.Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes.20211445546510.2147/DMSO.S283595 33564252
     [Google Scholar]
  3. MoshaT.C.E. FungoS. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children aged 6-12 years in Dodoma and Kinondoni municipalities, Tanzania.Tanzan. J. Health Res.201012161610.4314/thrb.v12i1.56202 20737824
     [Google Scholar]
  4. WHO STEPS Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance 6-3C-1Available from: Www.Who.Int/Chp/Steps
  5. JaacksL.M. VandevijvereS. PanA. The obesity transition: Stages of the global epidemic.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.20197323124010.1016/S2213‑8587(19)30026‑9 30704950
     [Google Scholar]
  6. GutholdR. StevensG.A. RileyL.M. BullF.C. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: A pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants.Lancet Child Adolesc. Health202041233510.1016/S2352‑4642(19)30323‑2 31761562
     [Google Scholar]
  7. JeremiahK. FilteauS. Faurholt-JepsenD. Diabetes prevalence by HbA1c and oral glucose tolerance test among HIV-infected and uninfected Tanzanian adults.PLoS One2020154e023072310.1371/journal.pone.0230723 32267855
     [Google Scholar]
  8. KedingG.B. MsuyaJ.M. MaassB.L. KrawinkelM.B. Obesity as a public health problem among adult women in rural Tanzania.Glob. Health Sci. Pract.20131335937110.9745/GHSP‑D‑13‑00082 25276549
     [Google Scholar]
  9. UnwinN. JamesP. McLartyD. Rural to urban migration and changes in cardiovascular risk factors in Tanzania: A prospective cohort study.BMC Public Health20101027210.1186/1471‑2458‑10‑272 20497567
     [Google Scholar]
  10. ChiwangaF.S. NjelekelaM.A. DiamondM.B. Urban and rural prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes and risk factors associated with diabetes in Tanzania and Uganda.Glob. Health Action201693144010.3402/gha.v9.31440 27221531
     [Google Scholar]
  11. AjayiI.O. AdebamowoC. AdamiH.O. Urban–rural and geographic differences in overweight and obesity in four sub-Saharan African adult populations: A multi-country cross-sectional study.BMC Public Health2016161112610.1186/s12889‑016‑3789‑z 27793143
     [Google Scholar]
  12. MclartyD.G. KitangeH.M. MtinangiB.L. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in rural Tanzania.Lancet1989333864387187510.1016/S0140‑6736(89)92866‑3 2564951
     [Google Scholar]
  13. AhrénB. CorriganC.B. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in north-western Tanzania.Diabetologia198426533333610.1007/BF00266032 6734980
     [Google Scholar]
  14. AsprayT. MugusiF. RashidS. Rural and urban differences in diabetes prevalence in Tanzania: The role of obesity, physical inactivity and urban living.Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.200094663764410.1016/S0035‑9203(00)90216‑5 11198647
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Marry MayigeG.K. Tanzania Steps Survey Report Ministry of Health and Social Welfare & Nationalinstitute for Medical Research.National Institute For Medical Research2013
     [Google Scholar]
  16. JorgensenJ.M.A. HedtK.H. OmarO.M. DaviesJ.I. Hypertension and diabetes in Zanzibar – prevalence and access to care.BMC Public Health2020201135210.1186/s12889‑020‑09432‑8 32887593
     [Google Scholar]
  17. PlothD.W. MbwamboJ.K. FonnerV.A. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease, diabetes and hypertension in rural tanzania.Kidney Int. Rep.201810.1016/j.ekir.2018.04.006
     [Google Scholar]
  18. HertzJ.T. SakitaF.M. ManavalanP. The burden of hypertension and diabetes in an emergency department in northern tanzania.Ethn. Dis.201929455956610.18865/ed.29.4.559 31641323
     [Google Scholar]
  19. MalindisaE.K. BalandyaE. MashiliF. IddiS. NjelekelaM. The magnitude of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease risk factors among young adults in urban settings: A cross-sectional survey in Mwanza, Tanzania.Pan Afr. Med. J.2022421910.11604/pamj.2022.42.19.22184 35812257
     [Google Scholar]
  20. RuhembeC.C. MoshaT.C. NyaruhuchaC.M. Prevalence and awareness of type 2 diabetes mellitus among adult population in Mwanza city, Tanzania.Tanzan. J. Health Res.2014162899710.4314/thrb.v16i2.4 26875302
     [Google Scholar]
  21. LinX. XuY. PanX. Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: An analysis from 1990 to 2025.Sci. Rep.20201011479010.1038/s41598‑020‑71908‑9 32901098
     [Google Scholar]
  22. TaylorR. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: Tracing the reverse route from cure to cause.Diabetologia200851101781178910.1007/s00125‑008‑1116‑7 18726585
     [Google Scholar]
  23. LimE.L. HollingsworthK.G. AribisalaB.S. ChenM.J. MathersJ.C. TaylorR. Reversal of type 2 diabetes: Normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol.Diabetologia201154102506251410.1007/s00125‑011‑2204‑7 21656330
     [Google Scholar]
  24. TaylorR. Type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Care20133641047105510.2337/dc12‑1805 23520370
     [Google Scholar]
  25. BeulensJ.W.J. PinhoM.G.M. AbreuT.C. Environmental risk factors of type 2 diabetes-an exposome approach.Diabetologia202265226327410.1007/s00125‑021‑05618‑w 34792619
     [Google Scholar]
  26. TremblayJ. HametP. Environmental and genetic contributions to diabetes.Metabolism201910015395210.1016/j.metabol.2019.153952 31610851
     [Google Scholar]
  27. PrasadR. GroopL. Genetics of type 2 diabetes-pitfalls and possibilities.Genes2015618712310.3390/genes6010087 25774817
     [Google Scholar]
  28. FuchsbergerC. FlannickJ. TeslovichT.M. The genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes.Nature201620161864210.1038/nature18642
     [Google Scholar]
  29. AsamoahE.A. ObirikorangC. AcheampongE. Heritability and genetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus in sub-saharan africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J. Diabetes Res.2020202011110.1155/2020/3198671 32685554
     [Google Scholar]
  30. ChenJ. SunM. AdeyemoA. Genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Africa.Diabetologia20196271204121110.1007/s00125‑019‑4880‑7 31049640
     [Google Scholar]
  31. AdeyemoA.A. ZaghloulN.A. ChenG. ZRANB3 is an African-specific type 2 diabetes locus associated with beta-cell mass and insulin response.Nat. Commun.2019101319510.1038/s41467‑019‑10967‑7 31324766
     [Google Scholar]
  32. FuZ. GilbertE.R. LiuD. Regulation of insulin synthesis and secretion and pancreatic Beta-cell dysfunction in diabetes.Curr. Diabetes Rev.201391255310.2174/157339913804143225 22974359
     [Google Scholar]
  33. HaleyJ.E. UrbinaE.M. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. In: Contemporary Endocrinology.ChamHumana202010.1007/978‑3‑030‑25057‑7_12
     [Google Scholar]
  34. TilgH. MoschenA.R. Inflammatory mechanisms in the regulation of insulin resistance.Mol. Med.2008143-422223110.2119/2007‑00119.Tilg 18235842
     [Google Scholar]
  35. RegazzettiC. PeraldiP. GrémeauxT. Hypoxia decreases insulin signaling pathways in adipocytes.Diabetes20095819510310.2337/db08‑0457 18984735
     [Google Scholar]
  36. MisraA. KhuranaL. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.20089311_supplement_1s9s3010.1210/jc.2008‑1595 18987276
     [Google Scholar]
  37. JamesP.T. RigbyN. LeachR. The obesity epidemic, metabolic syndrome and future prevention strategies.Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil.20041113810.1097/01.hjr.0000114707.27531.48
     [Google Scholar]
  38. CercatoC. FonsecaF.A. Cardiovascular risk and obesity.Diabetol. Metab. Syndr.20191117410.1186/s13098‑019‑0468‑0 31467596
     [Google Scholar]
  39. WHOGlobal Nutrition Report.2018Available from: https://globalnutritionreport.org/reports/global-nutrition-report-2018/
  40. VillamorE. MsamangaG. UrassaW. Trends in obesity, underweight, and wasting among women attending prenatal clinics in urban Tanzania, 1995-2004.Am. J. Clin. Nutr.20068361387139410.1093/ajcn/83.6.1387 16762951
     [Google Scholar]
  41. NjelekelaM. NegishiH. NaraY. Cardiovascular risk factors in Tanzania: A revisit.Acta Trop.200179323123910.1016/S0001‑706X(01)00134‑6 11412807
     [Google Scholar]
  42. NjelekelaM.A. NegishiH. NaraY. Obesity and lipid profiles in middle aged men and women in Tanzania.East Afr. Med. J.2002792586410.4314/eamj.v79i2.8901 12380877
     [Google Scholar]
  43. MuhihiA.J. NjelekelaM.A. MpembeniR. MwiruR.S. MligilicheN. MtabajiJ. Obesity, overweight, and perceptions about body weight among middle-aged adults in dar es salaam, tanzania.ISRN Obes.201220121610.5402/2012/368520 24527261
     [Google Scholar]
  44. ShayoG.A. MugusiF.M. Prevalence of obesity and associated risk factors among adults in Kinondoni municipal district, Dar es Salaam Tanzania.BMC Public Health201111136510.1186/1471‑2458‑11‑365 21605360
     [Google Scholar]
  45. KhamisA.G. NtwenyaJ.E. SenkoroM. Association between dietary diversity with overweight and obesity: A cross-sectional study conducted among pastoralists in Monduli District in Tanzania.PLoS One2021161e024481310.1371/journal.pone.0244813 33439869
     [Google Scholar]
  46. MuhihiA.J. MpembeniR.N.M. NjelekelaM.A. Prevalence and determinants of obesity among primary school children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Arch. Public Health20137112610.1186/0778‑7367‑71‑26 24094276
     [Google Scholar]
  47. DanforthE.J. Adolescence Is an Ocean: A biocultural investigation of youth food consumption in tanzania.USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations201272
     [Google Scholar]
  48. AmeyeH. Urbanization and the two tails of malnutrition in tanzania.SSRN Elec J20172017296003410.2139/ssrn.2960034
     [Google Scholar]
  49. MunyogwaM.J. MtumwaA.H. The prevalence of abdominal obesity and its correlates among the adults in dodoma region, tanzania: A community-based cross-sectional study.Adv. Med.201820181810.1155/2018/6123156 30417022
     [Google Scholar]
  50. GuoY. HuangZ. SangD. GaoQ. LiQ. The role of nutrition in the prevention and intervention of type 2 diabetes.Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.2020857544210.3389/fbioe.2020.575442 33042976
     [Google Scholar]
  51. WangD.D. HuF.B. Precision nutrition for prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.20186541642610.1016/S2213‑8587(18)30037‑8 29433995
     [Google Scholar]
  52. LingC. RönnT. Epigenetics in human obesity and type 2 diabetes.Cell Metab.20192951028104410.1016/j.cmet.2019.03.009 30982733
     [Google Scholar]
  53. SergiD. BoulestinH. CampbellF.M. WilliamsL.M. The role of dietary advanced glycation end products in metabolic dysfunction.Mol. Nutr. Food Res.2021651190093410.1002/mnfr.201900934 32246887
     [Google Scholar]
  54. KoppW. How western diet and lifestyle drive the pandemic of obesity and civilization diseases.Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes.2019122221223610.2147/DMSO.S216791 31695465
     [Google Scholar]
  55. The ACT-OUT Trial: ACTivity outcomes based on high carbohydrate or high fat diet in metabolic syndrome.NCT013573822011
     [Google Scholar]
  56. GiaccoR. ParilloM. RivelleseA.A. Long-term dietary treatment with increased amounts of fiber-rich low-glycemic index natural foods improves blood glucose control and reduces the number of hypoglycemic events in type 1 diabetic patients.Diabetes Care200023101461146610.2337/diacare.23.10.1461 11023137
     [Google Scholar]
  57. AstrupA. Dietary management of obesity.J Parent Enteral Nutr200832014860710832170710.1177/0148607108321707
     [Google Scholar]
  58. LiuJ. LangG. ShiJ. Epigenetic regulation of Pdx-1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.Dove Medical Press Ltd202143144210.2147/DMSO.S291932
     [Google Scholar]
  59. AsmatU. AbadK. IsmailK. Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress-A concise review.Saudi Pharm. J.201624554755310.1016/j.jsps.2015.03.013 27752226
     [Google Scholar]
  60. BlaslovK. KruljacI. MiroševićG. Kirigin BilošL.S. VrkljanM. The possible role of stress induced hormonal disbalance in the patophysiology of insulin resistane in lean individuals.Med. Hypotheses201811481010.1016/j.mehy.2018.02.032 29602470
     [Google Scholar]
  61. GeorgeA.M. JacobA.G. FogelfeldL. Lean diabetes mellitus: An emerging entity in the era of obesity.World J. Diabetes20156461362010.4239/wjd.v6.i4.613 25987958
     [Google Scholar]
  62. GATS | Tanzania 2018 Tanzania global adult tobacco survey key findings.2018Available from: www.nbs.go.tz
  63. SafiriS. NejadghaderiS.A. AbdollahiM. Global, regional, and national burden of cancers attributable to tobacco smoking in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019.Cancer Med.202211132662267810.1002/cam4.4647 35621231
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Smoking and other risk factors in type 2 diabetes.N Engl J Med2018379262572257510.1056/NEJMc1812842
     [Google Scholar]
  65. WannametheeS.G. ShaperA.G. PerryI.J. Smoking as a modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men.Diabetes Care20012491590159510.2337/diacare.24.9.1590 11522704
     [Google Scholar]
  66. WillJ.C. GaluskaD.A. FordE.S. MokdadA. CalleE.E. Cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus: Evidence of a positive association from a large prospective cohort study.Int. J. Epidemiol.200130354054610.1093/ije/30.3.540 11416080
     [Google Scholar]
  67. XuH. WangQ. SunQ. In type 2 diabetes induced by cigarette smoking, activation of p38 MAPK is involved in pancreatic β-cell apoptosis.Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int.201825109817982710.1007/s11356‑018‑1337‑3 29372523
     [Google Scholar]
  68. TongX. ChaudhryZ. LeeC.C. Cigarette smoke exposure impairs β-cell function through activation of oxidative stress and ceramide accumulation.Mol. Metab.20203710097510.1016/j.molmet.2020.100975 32283079
     [Google Scholar]
  69. WannametheeS.G. LoweG.D.O. ShaperA.G. RumleyA. LennonL. WhincupP.H. Associations between cigarette smoking, pipe/cigar smoking, and smoking cessation, and haemostatic and inflammatory markers for cardiovascular disease.Eur. Heart J.200526171765177310.1093/eurheartj/ehi183 15817606
     [Google Scholar]
  70. KimuraS. NishinagaM. OzawaT. ShimadaK. Thrombin generation as an acute effect of cigarette smoking.Am. Heart J.1994128171110.1016/0002‑8703(94)90003‑5 8017287
     [Google Scholar]
  71. MbatiaJ. JenkinsR. SingletonN. WhiteB. Prevalence of alcohol consumption and hazardous drinking, tobacco and drug use in urban Tanzania, and their associated risk factors.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health2009671991200610.3390/ijerph6071991 19742167
     [Google Scholar]
  72. MushiD. MoshiroC. HanlonC. FrancisJ.M. TeferraS. Missed opportunity for alcohol use disorder screening and management in primary health care facilities in northern rural Tanzania: A cross-sectional survey.Subst. Abuse Treat. Prev. Policy20221715010.1186/s13011‑022‑00479‑x 35794580
     [Google Scholar]
  73. GrosskurthH. The epidemiology of alcohol use and alcohol use disorders among young people in northern Tanzania.PLoS One2015
     [Google Scholar]
  74. LudwigC. StreicherM. Targeted screening reveals high numbers of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus in moshi, tanzania.J. Diabetes Metab.20178110.4172/2155‑6156.1000720
     [Google Scholar]
  75. RobinsonK.E. ShahV.H. Pathogenesis and pathways: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease & alcoholic liver disease.Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.202054910.21037/tgh.2019.12.05 33073044
     [Google Scholar]
  76. KimS.J. KimD.J. Alcoholism and diabetes mellitus.Diabetes Metab. J.201236210811510.4093/dmj.2012.36.2.108 22540046
     [Google Scholar]
  77. HeL. MareckiJ.C. SerreroG. SimmenF.A. RonisM.J.J. BadgerT.M. Dose-dependent effects of alcohol on insulin signaling: Partial explanation for biphasic alcohol impact on human health.Mol. Endocrinol.200721102541255010.1210/me.2007‑0036 17622585
     [Google Scholar]
  78. LiY. ZhongY. ChengQ. miR-378b regulates insulin sensitivity by targeting insulin receptor and p110α in alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis.Front. Pharmacol.20201171710.3389/fphar.2020.00717 32508647
     [Google Scholar]
  79. NkindaL. BuberwaE. MemiahP. Impaired fasting glucose levels among perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and youths in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Front. Endocrinol.202213104562810.3389/fendo.2022.1045628 36561566
     [Google Scholar]
  80. MurataH. HruzP.W. MuecklerM. The mechanism of insulin resistance caused by HIV protease inhibitor therapy.J. Biol. Chem.200027527202512025410.1074/jbc.C000228200 10806189
     [Google Scholar]
  81. HaserG.C. SumpioB. Systemic and cell-specific mechanisms of vasculopathy induced by human immunodeficiency virus and highly active antiretroviral therapy.J. Vasc. Surg.201765384985910.1016/j.jvs.2016.01.036 26994951
     [Google Scholar]
  82. DragovićG MalovićD JevtovićĐ. Metabolic syndrome and combined highly active antiretroviral therapy.Medicinska Istrazivanja201448110.5937/MedIst1401024D
     [Google Scholar]
  83. WilligA.L. OvertonE.T. Metabolic complications and glucose metabolism in HIV infection: A review of the evidence.Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep.201613528929610.1007/s11904‑016‑0330‑z 27541600
     [Google Scholar]
  84. DubéM.P. Disorders of glucose metabolism in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.Clin. Infect. Dis.20003161467147510.1086/317491 11096014
     [Google Scholar]
  85. FleischmanA. JohnsenS. SystromD.M. Effects of a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, stavudine, on glucose disposal and mitochondrial function in muscle of healthy adults.Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.20072926E1666E167310.1152/ajpendo.00550.2006 17284576
     [Google Scholar]
  86. ShahS. HillA. Risks of metabolic syndrome and diabetes with integrase inhibitor-based therapy: Republication.Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS202116210611410.1097/COH.0000000000000671 33625041
     [Google Scholar]
  87. HruzP.W. Molecular mechanisms for insulin resistance in treated HIV-infection.Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.201125345946810.1016/j.beem.2010.10.017 21663839
     [Google Scholar]
  88. MulindwaF. KamalH. CastelnuovoB. Association between integrase strand transfer inhibitor use with insulin resistance and incident diabetes mellitus in persons living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care2023111e00313610.1136/bmjdrc‑2022‑003136 36754450
     [Google Scholar]
  89. IDF Diabetes AtlasAvailable from: www.diabetesatlas.org
  90. ShiriT. BirungiJ. GarribA.V. Patient and health provider costs of integrated HIV, diabetes and hypertension ambulatory health services in low-income settings - an empirical socio-economic cohort study in Tanzania and Uganda.BMC Med.202119123010.1186/s12916‑021‑02094‑2 34503496
     [Google Scholar]
  91. BabarZ.U.D. RamzanS. El-DahiyatF. TachmazidisI. AdebisiA. HasanS.S. The availability, pricing, and affordability of essential diabetes medicines in 17 low-, middle-, and high-income countries.Front. Pharmacol.201910137510.3389/fphar.2019.01375 31824316
     [Google Scholar]
  92. WHOGlobal expenditure on health: Public spending on the rise?2021Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240041219
    [Google Scholar]
  93. FernandesS.D. FernandesS.D.A. Economic burden of diabetes mellitus and its socio-economic impact on household expenditure in an urban slum area.Int J Res Med Sci201755180810.18203/2320‑6012.ijrms20171585
     [Google Scholar]
  94. HallV. ThomsenR.W. HenriksenO. LohseN. Diabetes in Sub Saharan Africa 1999-2011: Epidemiology and public health implications. a systematic review.BMC Public Health201111156410.1186/1471‑2458‑11‑564 21756350
     [Google Scholar]
  95. MercerT. ChangA.C. FischerL. Mitigating the burden of diabetes in sub-saharan Africa through an integrated diagonal health systems approach.Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes.2019122261227210.2147/DMSO.S207427 31802925
     [Google Scholar]
  96. SiriliN. KiwaraA. NyongoleO. FrumenceG. SemakafuA. HurtigA.K. Addressing the human resource for health crisis in Tanzania: The lost in transition syndrome.Tanzan. J. Health Res.201416210411110.4314/thrb.v16i2.6 26875304
     [Google Scholar]
  97. PeckR. MghambaJ. VanobberghenF. Preparedness of Tanzanian health facilities for outpatient primary care of hypertension and diabetes: A cross-sectional survey.Lancet Glob. Health201425e285e29210.1016/S2214‑109X(14)70033‑6 24818084
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Justin-TemuM. NondoR.S.O. WiedenmayerK. RamaiyaK.L. TeuscherA. Anti-diabetic drugs in the private and public sector in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.East Afr. Med. J.201086311011410.4314/eamj.v86i3.54962 19702097
     [Google Scholar]
  99. AtunR. DaviesJ.I. GaleE.A.M. Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: From clinical care to health policy.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.20175862266710.1016/S2213‑8587(17)30181‑X 28688818
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Health facility assessment of service availability and readiness Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA).2013Available from: www.who.int
  101. Usaid/TanzaniaHealth Systems Strengthening Strategy. Health Systems Strengthening Strategy.2013Available from: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JM44.pdf
  102. World Health OrganizationService Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA).Health Statistics and Information Systems2013
     [Google Scholar]
  103. PastakiaS. PeknyC. ManyaraS. FischerL. Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa – from policy to practice to progress: Targeting the existing gaps for future care for diabetes.Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes.20171024726310.2147/DMSO.S126314 28790858
     [Google Scholar]
  104. ChiwangaF.S. NjelekelaM.A. Diabetic foot: Prevalence, knowledge, and foot self-care practices among diabetic patients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania - a cross-sectional study.J. Foot Ankle Res.2015812010.1186/s13047‑015‑0080‑y 26064190
     [Google Scholar]
  105. ClelandC.R. BurtonM.J. HallC. Diabetic retinopathy in Tanzania: Prevalence and risk factors at entry into a regional screening programme.Trop. Med. Int. Health201621341742610.1111/tmi.12652 26644361
     [Google Scholar]
  106. IDF Diabetes Atlas. Factsheets 2016 Available from: https://diabetesatlas.org/regional-factsheets
  107. BahendekaS. WesongaR. MutungiG. MuwongeJ. NeemaS. GuwatuddeD. Prevalence and correlates of diabetes mellitus in Uganda: A population‐based national survey.Trop. Med. Int. Health201621340541610.1111/tmi.12663 26729021
     [Google Scholar]
  108. MohamedS.F. MwangiM. MutuaM.K. Prevalence and factors associated with pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus in Kenya: Results from a national survey.BMC Public Health201818S3121510.1186/s12889‑018‑6053‑x 30400865
     [Google Scholar]
  109. KabwamaS.N. KirundaB. MutungiG. WesongaR. BahendekaS.K. GuwatuddeD. Prevalence and correlates of abdominal obesity among adults in Uganda: Findings from a national cross-sectional, population based survey 2014.BMC Obes.2018514010.1186/s40608‑018‑0217‑1 30524745
     [Google Scholar]
  110. PengpidS. PeltzerK. The prevalence and associated factors of underweight and overweight/obesity among adults in Kenya: Evidence from a national cross-sectional community survey.Pan Afr. Med. J.20203633833810.11604/pamj.2020.36.338.21215 33193991
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998267513231208100124
Loading

  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): epidemiology; metabolic disorder; obesity; risk factors; Type 2 diabetes

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test