Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Current Diabetes Reviews
  4. Volume 21, Issue 1
  5. Article
Volume 21, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1573-3998
  • E-ISSN: 1875-6417

Abstract

Introduction

The liver and kidneys are the primary locations of the glutathione metabolism enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). The two main factors contributing to an increase are hepatic illnesses and excessive alcohol use. This study set out to test a theory on the predictive importance of the association between GGT and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. (T2DM).

Methods

In order to do this, we combed through PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, and Science Direct for a wide range of information from previous studies. Attributes were established at the outset and compared to GGT concentration.

Results

GGT, present in most cells, absorbs glutathione for intracellular antioxidant defences. This study links GGT to hepatic enzymes including HDL, LDL, and triglyceride. LDL, triglycerides, AST, and ALT increased with GGT concentration, but LDL decreased. Because of obesity, GGT production rises with BMI. We found that greater GGT levels were associated with more T2DM after analysing data from multiple sources.

Conclusion

This literature review concludes that GGT is related to other factors such as BMI, HDL, AST, and triglycerides in the development of diabetes mellitus. Serum GGT was found to be a potential predictor of metabolic syndrome and T2DM.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998260996231122054907
2024-01-24
2025-05-18

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998260996231122054907
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. HaniganM.H. RickettsW.A. Extracellular glutathione is a source of cysteine for cells that express. gamma.-glutamyl transpeptidase.Biochemistry199332246302630610.1021/bi00075a026 8099811
     [Google Scholar]
  2. TateS.S. MeisterA. γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase: Catalytic, structural and functional aspects.Mol. Cell. Biochem.198139135736810.1007/BF00232585 6118826
     [Google Scholar]
  3. HaniganM.H. PitotH.C. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase – its role in hepatocarcinogenesis.Carcinogenesis19856216517210.1093/carcin/6.2.165 2857599
     [Google Scholar]
  4. WhitfieldJ.B. Gamma glutamyl transferase.Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci.200138426335510.1080/20014091084227 11563810
     [Google Scholar]
  5. FinidoriJ. LapercheY. Haguenauer-TsapisR. BaroukiR. GuellaenG. HanouneJ. In vitro biosynthesis and membrane insertion of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.J. Biol. Chem.198425984687469010.1016/S0021‑9258(17)42898‑5 6143750
     [Google Scholar]
  6. WickhamS. WestM.B. CookP.F. HaniganM.H. Gamma-glutamyl compounds: Substrate specificity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase enzymes.Anal. Biochem.2011414220821410.1016/j.ab.2011.03.026 21447318
     [Google Scholar]
  7. BrennerH. RothenbacherD. ArndtV. SchuberthS. FraisseE. FliednerT.M. Distribution, determinants, and prognostic value of gamma-glutamyltransferase for all-cause mortality in a cohort of construction workers from southern Germany.Prev. Med.199726330531010.1006/pmed.1997.0144 9144754
     [Google Scholar]
  8. FischbachF. Manual of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests.7th edNew York, NYLippincott-Raven2004
     [Google Scholar]
  9. PaganaK.D. PaganaT.J. PaganaT.N. Mosby’s Diagnostic & Laboratory Test Reference.14th edSt. Louis, MoElsevier2019
     [Google Scholar]
  10. SahK.K. GuptaK.K. MehtaD.K. JoshiS. DasR. Prescription pattern of type-2 Diabetes management in the geriatric patients.J. Young Pharm.202214441641910.5530/jyp.2022.14.84
     [Google Scholar]
  11. ZhengY. LeyS.H. HuF.B. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications.Nat. Rev. Endocrinol.2018142889810.1038/nrendo.2017.151 29219149
     [Google Scholar]
  12. ChenL. MaglianoD.J. ZimmetP.Z. The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Present and future perspectives.Nat. Rev. Endocrinol.20118422823610.1038/nrendo.2011.183
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Genetic basis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, obesity, and their complications.Advances and emerging opportunities in diabetes research.a Strategic Planning report of the DMICC
     [Google Scholar]
  14. ChatterjeeS. KhuntiK. DaviesM.J. Type 2 diabetes.Lancet2017389100852239225110.1016/S0140‑6736(17)30058‑2 28190580
     [Google Scholar]
  15. HuF.B. MansonJ.E. StampferM.J. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women.N. Engl. J. Med.20013451179079710.1056/NEJMoa010492 11556298
     [Google Scholar]
  16. SchellenbergE.S. DrydenD.M. VandermeerB. HaC. KorownykC. Lifestyle interventions for patients with and at risk for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Ann. Intern. Med.2013159854355110.7326/0003‑4819‑159‑8‑201310150‑00007 24126648
     [Google Scholar]
  17. ZhouB. LuY. HajifathalianK. Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4·4 million participants.Lancet2016387100271513153010.1016/S0140‑6736(16)00618‑8 27061677
     [Google Scholar]
  18. DhankharS. ChauhanS. MehtaD.K. Novel targets for potential therapeutic use in Diabetes mellitus.Diabetol. Metab. Syndr.20231511710.1186/s13098‑023‑00983‑5 36782201
     [Google Scholar]
  19. A public service on clinical lab testing from the laboratory professionals who do the testing, Internet description of GGT provided by Lab Tests Online.2015Available from: https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/ggt/tab/test/
  20. SinghA. RanjanV. DasR. BhattiK. MehtaD.K. ChiduralaR.M. Serum biomarkers for noninvasive diagnosis of liver diseases: How laudable are these tools?Curr. Chem. Biol.202115212813810.2174/2212796814999201111204639
     [Google Scholar]
  21. BlahaM. ElasyT.A. Clinical use of the metabolic syndrome: why the confusion?Clin. Diabetes200624312513110.2337/diaclin.24.3.125
     [Google Scholar]
  22. EvansJ.L. GoldfineI.D. MadduxB.A. GrodskyG.M. Are oxidative stress-activated signaling pathways mediators of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction?Diabetes20035211810.2337/diabetes.52.1.1 12502486
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine.New YorkMcGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division1998
     [Google Scholar]
  24. IslamS. RahmanS. HaqueT. SumonA.H. AhmedA.Z.M. AliN. Prevalence of elevated liver enzymes and its association with type 2 diabetes: A cross‐sectional study in Bangladeshi adults.Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab.202032e0011610.1002/edm2.116 32318634
     [Google Scholar]
  25. SharminF. RoyM.N. JunaedM.T. Association of serum gamma glutamyl transferase and uric acid levels with impaired fasting glucose in adults at a tertiary level hospital of bangladesh.Mymensingh Med. J.2021304973979 34605465
     [Google Scholar]
  26. NakanishiN. NishinaK. LiW. SatoM. SuzukiK. TataraK. Serum γ‐glutamyltransferase and development of impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes in middle‐aged Japanese men.J. Intern. Med.2003254328729510.1046/j.1365‑2796.2003.01198.x 12930239
     [Google Scholar]
  27. NakanishiN. SuzukiK. TataraK. Serum γ-glutamyltransferase and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men.Diabetes Care20042761427143210.2337/diacare.27.6.1427 15161799
     [Google Scholar]
  28. DoiY. KuboM. YonemotoK. Liver enzymes as a predictor for incident diabetes in a Japanese population: The Hisayama study.Obesity (Silver Spring)20071571841185010.1038/oby.2007.218 17636103
     [Google Scholar]
  29. KanekoK. YatsuyaH. LiY. Association of gamma‐glutamyl transferase and alanine aminotransferase with type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence in middle‐aged Japanese men: 12‐year follow up.J. Diabetes Investig.201910383784510.1111/jdi.12930 30204299
     [Google Scholar]
  30. MiyamoriD. TanakaM. FuruhashiM. Prediction of new onset of diabetes mellitus during a 10-year period by using a combination of levels of alanine aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transferase.Endocr. J.202168121391140210.1507/endocrj.EJ20‑0823 34234055
     [Google Scholar]
  31. ItabashiF. HirataT. KogureM. Combined associations of liver enzymes and obesity with diabetes mellitus prevalence: the tohoku medical megabank community-based cohort study.J. Epidemiol.202232522122710.2188/jea.JE20200384 33390464
     [Google Scholar]
  32. HuH. HanY. GuanM. WeiL. WanQ. HuY. Elevated gamma‐glutamyl transferase to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio has a non‐linear association with incident diabetes mellitus: A second analysis of a cohort study.J. Diabetes Investig.202213122027203710.1111/jdi.13900 36056709
     [Google Scholar]
  33. KimC.H. ParkJ.Y. LeeK.U. KimJ.H. KimH.K. Association of serum γ-glutamyltransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus independent of fatty liver.Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev.2009251646910.1002/dmrr.890 19065605
     [Google Scholar]
  34. AhnH.R. ShinM.H. NamH.S. The association between liver enzymes and risk of type 2 diabetes: The Namwon study.Diabetol. Metab. Syndr.2014611410.1186/1758‑5996‑6‑14 24502834
     [Google Scholar]
  35. LeeS.H. KimK.M. KimK.N. Combined effect of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and uric acid on incidence of diabetes mellitus.Medicine20179619e690110.1097/MD.0000000000006901 28489802
     [Google Scholar]
  36. ChoiS.H. KimB.T. ShinJ. KimK.N. Combined effect of serum alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase on incidence of diabetes mellitus.Medicine20209911e1896310.1097/MD.0000000000018963 32176028
     [Google Scholar]
  37. XuL. JiangC.Q. SchoolingC.M. ZhangW.S. ChengK.K. LamT.H. Liver enzymes and incident diabetes in China: a prospective analysis of 10 764 participants in the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study.J. Epidemiol. Community Health201569111040104410.1136/jech‑2015‑205518 26139641
     [Google Scholar]
  38. WangY.L. KohW.P. YuanJ.M. PanA. Association between liver enzymes and incident type 2 diabetes in Singapore Chinese men and women.BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care201641e00029610.1136/bmjdrc‑2016‑000296 27738514
     [Google Scholar]
  39. WangX. GuoB. YangX. Role of liver enzymes in the relationship between particulate matter exposure and diabetes risk: A longitudinal cohort study.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.202210710e4086e409710.1210/clinem/dgac438 35861878
     [Google Scholar]
  40. BiY. YangS. LiuY. To explore association between gamma-glutamyl transferase and type 2 diabetes using a real-world study and mendelian randomization analysis.Front. Endocrinol.20221389900810.3389/fendo.2022.899008 35957835
     [Google Scholar]
  41. WangY. WuT. ZangX. Relationship between serum gamma-glutamyl transferase level and impaired fasting glucose among chinese community-dwelling adults: A follow-up observation of 6 years.Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord.202119210010610.1089/met.2020.0032 33170087
     [Google Scholar]
  42. TohidiM. HaratiH. HadaeghF. MehrabiY. AziziF. Association of liver enzymes with incident type 2 diabetes: A nested case control study in an Iranian population.BMC Endocr. Disord.200881510.1186/1472‑6823‑8‑5 18533046
     [Google Scholar]
  43. ValizadehN MohammadiR MehdizadehA MotarjemizadehQ KhalkhaliHR Evaluation of serum gamma glutamyl transferase levels in diabetic patients with and without retinopathy.Shiraz E Med J2018In PressIn Presse6407310.5812/semj.64073
     [Google Scholar]
  44. GaeiniZ. BahadoranZ. MirmiranP. AziziF. The association between liver function tests and some metabolic outcomes: Tehran lipid and glucose study.Hepat. Mon.2020205e9853510.5812/hepatmon.98535
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Noroozi KarimabadM. KhaliliP. AyoobiF. Esmaeili-NadimiA. La VecchiaC. JamaliZ. Serum liver enzymes and diabetes from the Rafsanjan cohort study.BMC Endocr. Disord.2022221127 35549705
     [Google Scholar]
  46. PhilipR. MathiasM. KumariS.N. GowdaD.K. ShettyJ.K. Evaluation of relationship between markers of liver function and the onset of type 2 diabetes.Nitte Univ J Health Sci2014429010.1055/s‑0040‑1703770
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Devi1 KM, Patil2 RK, Mandeep Malhi. Evaluation of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity and serum uric acid level in type ii diabetes mellitus patients.Int. J. Health Sci. Res.202110.52403/ijhsr.20210929
     [Google Scholar]
  48. AgarwalH. JhaO.P. MeenaP. Role of serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) level as a marker for the detection of type-2 diabetes mellitus.Int J. Sci. Res. (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 ResearchGate Impact Factor2018
     [Google Scholar]
  49. AggarwalJ. SinghN. KumarM. Analysis of serumgamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) level as a marker for thedetection of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Okhla industrial area.Int J Clin Biochem Research20196333633910.18231/j.ijcbr.2019.073
     [Google Scholar]
  50. BandaraD. ThennakoonS. DiasP. WithanageN. Association of serum gamma glutamyltransferase with diabetes mellitus, random blood sugar and body mass index in selected Sri Lankan subjects.Ceylon Journal of Medical Science2022571364210.4038/cjms.v57i1.4970
     [Google Scholar]
  51. LsbD. MaH. NsM. am D, Ma B. Elevated liver enzymes and its association with type two diabetes mellitus: The occurrence in yemeni population.Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab. Disord.20217110.16966/2380‑548X.175
     [Google Scholar]
  52. AndréP. BalkauB. BornC. Hepatic markers and development of type 2 diabetes in middle aged men and women: A three-year follow-up study.Diabetes Metab.200531654255010.1016/S1262‑3636(07)70229‑X 16357802
     [Google Scholar]
  53. ForlaniG. Di BonitoP. MannucciE. Prevalence of elevated liver enzymes in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with the metabolic syndrome.J. Endocrinol. Invest.200831214615210.1007/BF03345581 18362506
     [Google Scholar]
  54. AbbasiA. BakkerS.J.L. CorpeleijnE. Liver function tests and risk prediction of incident type 2 diabetes: Evaluation in two independent cohorts.PLoS One2012712e5149610.1371/journal.pone.0051496 23284703
     [Google Scholar]
  55. NannipieriM. GonzalesC. BaldiS. Liver enzymes, the metabolic syndrome, and incident diabetes: The Mexico City diabetes study.Diabetes Care20052871757176210.2337/diacare.28.7.1757 15983331
     [Google Scholar]
  56. BelkacemiL. BelaliaM. Cross-sectional pilot study about the liver enzymes profile in type 2 diabetic patients from an Algerian west region: Wilaya of Mostaganem.Diabetes Metab. Syndr.2016101Suppl. 1S147S15010.1016/j.dsx.2015.10.013 26711007
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998260996231122054907
Loading
Serum Gamma Glutamyl Transferase: Understanding its Contribution as a Potential Predictor of the Occurrence of Type 2 Diabetes
Curr. Diabetes Rev. 21, E240124226080 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998260996231122054907
/content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998260996231122054907
/content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998260996231122054907
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): dimeric glycoprotein; Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; glutathione; hydrophobic; metabolic syndrome; oxidative stress

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test