Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Recent Advances in Food Nutrition & Agriculture
  4. Volume 16, Issue 1
  5. Article
Volume 16, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2772-574X
  • E-ISSN: 2772-5758

Abstract

Introduction

Pacu () is a Brazilian fish species of high commercial value and has emerged as one of the main species with potential for intensive farming. This study aimed to investigate the impact of choline supplementation on productive performance, visceral fat, hepatosomatic indices, proximate composition, serum biochemical profile, and liver coloration in juvenile pacu ().

Methods

The 60-day experiment was conducted in the experimental hatchery of the Study Group of Aquaculture Management - GEMAq of the State University of West Paraná, Brazil. The completely randomized design consisted of five treatments with four replicates each. A total of 200 fish, with an average initial weight and length of 4.25 g and 5.97 cm, were distributed among 20 experimental hapas, resulting in a stocking density of 10 fish per experimental unit. Fish fed a choline-deficient diet exhibited the lowest values for final weight, weight gain, visceral fat, and hepatosomatic index. Conversely, in terms of proximate composition, fish fed choline-deficient diets had the highest moisture content and the lowest crude fat content. Triglyceride levels in juvenile pacu were significantly higher in groups fed diets containing choline (400 to 1200 mg kg1). We also observed significant differences in the cyan color of the liver ( 0.05). Other parameters did not exhibit significant changes in response to varying choline levels in the diets.

Results

Our study demonstrated that choline supplementation in juveniles at an optimal concentration of 400 mg kg1 significantly impacted growth, metabolism, productive performance, proximate composition, biochemical parameters, and liver color.

Conclusion

These findings offer crucial guidance for aquaculture professionals, enabling them to enhance growth and health in farming. Further research on choline’s influence on lipid metabolism holds potential for more precise dietary recommendations, ultimately improving the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture practices for this species.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/rafna/10.2174/012772574X282102240102064529
2024-01-17
2025-04-22

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/rafna/10.2174/012772574X282102240102064529
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. PereiraH. Fish reproductive strategies applied to aquaculture: bases for the development of production technologies.Rev. Bras. Reprod. Anim.20073133515360
     [Google Scholar]
  2. SignorA.A. BoscoloW.R. FeidenA. BittencourtF. ColdebellaA. ReidelA. Protein and energy in the diet of pacus raised in net cages.Rev. Bras. Zootec.201039112336234110.1590/S1516‑35982010001100004
     [Google Scholar]
  3. JomoriR.K. CarneiroD.J. MalheirosE.B. PortellaM.C. Growth and survival of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) juveniles reared in ponds or at different initial larviculture periods indoors.Aquaculture20032211-427728710.1016/S0044‑8486(03)00069‑3
     [Google Scholar]
  4. HonoratoC.A. AlmeidaL.C. da SILVA NUNES C, Carneiro DJ, Moraes G. Effects of processing on physical characteristics of diets with distinct levels of carbohydrates and lipids: The outcomes on the growth of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus).Aquacult. Nutr.2010161919910.1111/j.1365‑2095.2008.00644.x
     [Google Scholar]
  5. KleinS. LorenzE.K. BuenoG.W. SignorA. FeidenA. BoscoloW.R. Levels of crude protein in diets for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) from 150 to 400g reared in cages.Arch. Zootec.20146324459961010.4321/S0004‑05922014000400004
     [Google Scholar]
  6. FuruyaW.M. MichelatoM. SilvaL.C.R. Dos SantosL.D. SilvaT.S.C. SchamberC.R. Phytase in feed for juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus).Bol. Inst. Pesca2008344489496
     [Google Scholar]
  7. BotelhoH.A. CostaA.C. de FreitasR.T.F. FernandesÉ.M. BROMATOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PACU FILLET (Piaractus mesopotamicus), PIRAPITINGA (Piaractus brachypomum) AND TAMBAQUI (Colossoma macropomum).J. Vet. Public Health201842158
     [Google Scholar]
  8. de OliveiraE.G. SouzaV.L. UrbinatiE.C. RovieroD.P. VISCEROSOMATIC FAT INDEX AND TOTAL LIPID LEVELS IN DIFFERENT TISSUE OF PACU Piaractus mesopotamicus (HOLMBERG, 1887).Bol. Inst. Pesca199724
     [Google Scholar]
  9. AndradeD.R. YasuiG.S. Management of natural and artificial reproduction and its importance in fish production in Brazil.Rev. Bras. Reprod. Anim.2003272166172
     [Google Scholar]
  10. CombsG.F. The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health.Elsevier Science2007
     [Google Scholar]
  11. NRCNutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp.2011Available from: http://www. nap.edu/catalog/13039
    [Google Scholar]
  12. KhosraviS. JangJ.W. RahimnejadS. SongJ.W. LeeK.J. Choline essentiality and its requirement in diets for juvenile parrot fish (<i>oplegnathus fasciatus</i>).Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci.201528564765310.5713/ajas.14.0532 25924958
     [Google Scholar]
  13. HalverJ.E. HardyR.W. The vitamins.Fish Nutrition.3rd edSan DiegoAcademic Press200261140
     [Google Scholar]
  14. BorbaM.R. Carmo e SáM.V. AbreuJ.S. Vitamins and minerals.Nutriaqua: nutrição e alimentação de espécies de interesse para a aquicultura brasileira.1st edFlorianópolis, SCAquabio2013375
     [Google Scholar]
  15. LiuK. WangX.J. AiQ. MaiK. ZhangW. Dietary selenium requirement for juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum L. Aquaculture Research.Aquac. Res.20105318125
     [Google Scholar]
  16. WuP. FengL. KuangS.Y. Effect of dietary choline on growth, intestinal enzyme activities and relative expressions of target of rapamycin and eIF4E-binding protein2 gene in muscle, hepatopancreas and intestine of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian).Aquaculture20113171-410711610.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.03.042
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Jun-yiL. Ding-dongZ. Wei-naX. Guang-zhenJ. Chun-nuanZ. Effects of dietary choline supplementation on growth performance and hepatic lipid transport in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fed high-fat diets.Aquaculture2014434340347
     [Google Scholar]
  18. LuoZ. WeiC.C. YeH.M. ZhaoH.P. SongY.F. WuK. Effect of dietary choline levels on growth performance, lipid deposition and metabolism in juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco.Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol.20162021710.1016/j.cbpb.2016.07.005 27475494
     [Google Scholar]
  19. ZhaoH.F. JiangW.D. LiuY. Dietary choline regulates antibacterial activity, inflammatory response and barrier function in the gills of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).Fish Shellfish Immunol.20165213915010.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.029 26988287
     [Google Scholar]
  20. FernandesA.C. CarvalhoP.L.P.F. PezzatoL.E. The effect of digestible protein to digestible energy ratio and choline supplementation on growth, hematological parameters, liver steatosis and size-sorting stress response in Nile tilapia under field condition.Aquaculture2016456839310.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.02.001
     [Google Scholar]
  21. BoscoloW.R. HayashiC. FeidenA. MeurerF. SignorA.A. Chemical composition and apparent digestibility of energy and nutrients from waste flour from the tilapia filleting industry, for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).Cienc. Rural20083892579258610.1590/S0103‑84782008000900027
     [Google Scholar]
  22. GomesL.C. Chippari-GomesA.R. LopesN.P. RoubachR. Araujo-LimaC.A.R.M. Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic in juvenile tambaqui Colossoma macropomum.J. World Aquacult. Soc.200132442643110.1111/j.1749‑7345.2001.tb00470.x
     [Google Scholar]
  23. RottaMA Ichthyometer for biometrics of surubins (pintado and cachara), Technical Announcement.Corumbá/MSEmbrapa Pantanal2003
     [Google Scholar]
  24. TakahashiL.S. GonçalvesA.F.N. SantosE.C.C. FernandesJ.B.K. Menthol and eugenol as substitutes for benzocaine in the anesthetic induction of juvenile pacu.Acta Sci. Anim. Sci.200830310.4025/actascianimsci.v30i3.1081
     [Google Scholar]
  25. SantosE.L. MirandaE.C. FragaA.B. Characteristics of organ weight, liver weight and visceral fat weight related to different levels of mesquite pod flour in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) feed.III Northeastern Congress of Animal ProductionCampina Grande, PB2004
     [Google Scholar]
  26. RezendeF.P. JúniorM.V.V. da AndradeD.R. MendonçaP.P. Characterization of a new methodology based on the intensity of skin staining of ornamental fish with applications in nutrition.J. Agric. Sci. Technol. B201225B606
     [Google Scholar]
  27. VieiraS. HoffmannR. Estatística experimental.São PauloAtlas1989
     [Google Scholar]
  28. AOACOfficial Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists.20th edHoboken, NJ, USAJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.2016
     [Google Scholar]
  29. AlshelmaniM.I. LohT.C. FooH.L. LauW.H. SaziliA.Q. Biodegradation of palm kernel cake by cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic bacterial cultures through solid state fermentation.ScientificWorldJournal201420141810.1155/2014/729852 25019097
     [Google Scholar]
  30. JaaparM. AlshelmaniM. HumamA. LohT. FooH. AkitH. Effect of feeding prilled palm fat with lyso-lecithin on broiler growth performance, nutrient digestibility, lipid profile, carcass, and meat quality.Poult Sci J2020814350
     [Google Scholar]
  31. AlshelmaniM.I. LohT.C. FooH.L. SaziliA.Q. LauW.H. Effect of solid state fermentation on nutrient content and ileal amino acids digestibility of palm kernel cake in broiler chickens.Indian J. Anim. Sci.20178791135114010.56093/ijans.v87i9.74331
     [Google Scholar]
  32. ShapiroS.S. WilkM.B. An analysis of variance test for normality (Complete Samples).Biometrika1965523/459110.2307/2333709
     [Google Scholar]
  33. LeveneH. Robust tests for equality of variances. Contribution to Probability and Statistics.Stanford, CAStanford University Press1960278292
     [Google Scholar]
  34. FerreiraE.B. CavalcantiP.P. NogueiraD.A. The Comprehensive R Archive Network.2021Available from: https://CRAN.Rproject.org/
  35. The R Project for Statistical Computing2022Available from: https://www.R-project.org/
  36. ZhangZ. WilsonR.P. Reevaluation of the choline requirement of fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and determination of the availability of choline in common feed ingredients.Aquaculture19991801-2899810.1016/S0044‑8486(99)00190‑8
     [Google Scholar]
  37. DuanY. ZhuX. HanD. YangY. XieS. Dietary choline requirement in slight methionine-deficient diet for juvenile gibel carp (C arassius auratus gibelio).Aquacult. Nutr.201218662062710.1111/j.1365‑2095.2011.00930.x
     [Google Scholar]
  38. BicudoÁ.J.A. SadoR.Y. CyrinoJ.E.P. Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887).Aquaculture20092971-415115610.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.09.031
     [Google Scholar]
  39. CraigS.R. GatlinD.M.III Dietary choline requirement of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus).J. Nutr.199612661696170010.1093/jn/126.6.1696 8648445
     [Google Scholar]
  40. TibbettsS.M. LallS.P. MilleyJ.E. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels and DP DE-1 ratio on growth, feed utilization and hepatosomatic index of juvenile haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.Aquacult. Nutr.2005111677510.1111/j.1365‑2095.2004.00326.x
     [Google Scholar]
  41. HertrampfJ.W. Piedad-PascualF. Handbook on ingredients for aquaculture feeds.BerlinSpringer Science Business Media200010.1007/978‑94‑011‑4018‑8
     [Google Scholar]
  42. El-HusseinyO.M. El DinG. Abdul-AzizM. MabrokeR.S. Effect of mixed protein schedules combined with choline and betaine on the growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).Aquacult. Res.200839329130010.1111/j.1365‑2109.2007.01896.x
     [Google Scholar]
  43. LiJ.Y. LiX.F. XuW.N. ZhangC.N. LiuW.B. Effects of dietary choline supplementation on growth performance, lipid deposition and intestinal enzyme activities of blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephal fed high-lipid diet.Aquacult. Nutr.201622118119010.1111/anu.12231
     [Google Scholar]
  44. KasperC.S. WhiteM.R. BrownP.B. Choline is required by tilapia when methionine is not in excess.J. Nutr.2000130223824210.1093/jn/130.2.238 10720176
     [Google Scholar]
  45. TwibellR.G. BrownP.B. Dietary choline requirement of juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens).J. Nutr.20001301959910.1093/jn/130.1.95 10613773
     [Google Scholar]
  46. ØyenJ. GjesdalC.G. KarlssonT. Dietary choline intake is directly associated with bone mineral density in the hordaland health study.J. Nutr.2017147457257810.3945/jn.116.243006 28275104
     [Google Scholar]
  47. ZeiselS.H. Choline: An essential nutrient for humans.Nutrition2000167-866967110.1016/S0899‑9007(00)00349‑X 10906592
     [Google Scholar]
  48. WonS. LeeS. HamidoghliA. LeeS. BaiS.C. Dietary choline requirement of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).Aquacult. Nutr.20192561281128810.1111/anu.12948
     [Google Scholar]
  49. QinD.G. DongX.H. TanB.P. Effects of dietary choline on growth performance, lipid deposition and hepatic lipid transport of grouper (Epinephelus coioides).Aquacult. Nutr.201723345345910.1111/anu.12413
     [Google Scholar]
  50. AdronJ.W. BlairA. CoweyC.B. ShanksA.M. Effects of dietary energy level and dietary energy source on growth, feed conversion and body composition of turbot (Scophthalmus maximusL.).Aquaculture19767212513210.1016/0044‑8486(76)90002‑8
     [Google Scholar]
  51. KaushikS.J. LuquetP. Fish Nutrition in Practice. In: IVth International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding. Institut national de la recherche agronomique (France)1993
     [Google Scholar]
  52. ThomsonR.G. Patologia geral veterinária.1st edRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilGuanabara Koogan1983
     [Google Scholar]
  53. CarrilhaF. GuinéR. Evaluation of the color of dried pears by different methods. In: Proceedings of the 1st Portuguese Food Drying Meeting2010
     [Google Scholar]
  54. LouresB.R.R.L. LimaS. Fish anatomy. MoreiraL.M.M. VargasL. RibeiroR.P. ZimmermannS. Fundamentos da moderna aquicultura.Canoas, RS, BrasilULBRA20011722
     [Google Scholar]
  55. OstranderG. BullockG. BuntonT. The laboratory fish.1st edSan DiegoAcademic Press2000
     [Google Scholar]
  56. BrusleJ. AnadonG.G. The structure and function of fish liver. MunshiJ.S.D. DuttaH.M. Fish Morphology New Dehli.IBH Publishing Co, Pvt, Ltd199617
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/rafna/10.2174/012772574X282102240102064529
Loading
Effects of Choline Supplementation in Diets on Juvenile Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus): Productive Performance, Proximate Composition and Serum Lipid Level
Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 16, 70 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/012772574X282102240102064529
/content/journals/rafna/10.2174/012772574X282102240102064529
/content/journals/rafna/10.2174/012772574X282102240102064529
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keyword(s): Choline; feed supplementation; hepatoprotectant; metabolites; nutrition; technological additives

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test