A Comparative Study of Using Poly (D, L, Lactide-co-Glycolic Acid) and Chitosan Nanoparticle as Vaccine Delivery System for a Recombinant Fusion Protein of Newcastle Disease Virus

Introduction: The more effective method of preventing many infectious diseases is vaccination. Numerous infectious diseases that affect both humans and animals have significantly decreased as a result of routine immunization. Aim: The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of in-house built chitosan and Polylactide coglycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles coupled with Pichia pastoris expressed immunogenic fusion (F) protein of Newcastle disease (ND). Objectives: Synthesis of biodegradable nanoparticles such as PLGA and chitosan offers a promising opportunity as a vaccine delivery system. Methods: Chitosan nanoparticles and PLGA nanoparticles were synthesized by ionic gelation, and double emulsion solvent evaporation, respectively, and the size was 38.6± 0.84 nm and 320 ±1.5nm, respectively. They demonstrated good epitope integrity of recombinant fusion protein and in vitro release kinetics studies have proved consistent release profile of protein. Results: In vivo pathogenicity assay of separately injected nanoparticles has proved no abnormal signs and mortality in chickens. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks were vaccinated with chitosan and PLGA nanoparticles and a recombinant fusion protein of the ND virus. It was demonstrated that PLGA nanoparticles coupled with a fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus conferred a marginally better immune response than chitosan nanoparticles. Comparative study-based results showed that PLGA-based nanoparticles proved a better vaccine delivery vehicle and generated an effective immune response without needing further adjuvants. Conclusion: The present study is a scientific platform for developing the PLGA-based vaccine delivery vehicle to improve immune responses against many infectious diseases.