Evolutionary History of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes Families: The Ancestral Origin in Mammals and Duplication Patterns

Background: Cancer is a condition that involves the irregular progression of cells with the capacity to enter and move to other portions of the body. Peto’s paradox shows there is no relation between large body size and cancer risk. Objective: To assess the phylogenetic analysis of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes of breast cancer. Methods: Data was collected from the ensemble genome browser and NCBI. A BLAST search was done, and FASTA sequences were collected. MEGA X version 5 software was used for phylogenetic analysis. Alignment was made by Clustal W, and two trees were constructed as a neighbor-joining tree and maximum likelihood trees as vertical and circular. The accuracy was confirmed by the bootstrap method (at 500 pseudoreplicates). Results: The results show that there were 9 copies of the tp53 gene in elephants are present due to which elephants have less chance of getting cancer. This proves that Peto’s paradox is true. The evolutionary study of genes set, present on the FGFR-bearing chromosomes, i.e., Hsa1 to Hsa4, Hsa6 to Has 9, Hsa11 to Hsa14, Hsa17, Hsa18, Hsa21, Hsa22, and HsaX. The phylogenetic trees of 10 gene families, including 4 genes from tumor suppressor genes and 6 genes from oncogenes, were generated with vertebrate sequences. Conclusion: Higher animals have less chance to develop cancer because of huge body mass and longevity and increased number of genes in their body. Different oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are associated with different species. All genes have two or more paralogues except BRCA, CHECK, MEN, NUP, and SUFU genes.