Landscape Determinants of Infectivity and Insights into Vaccine Development and Effectiveness - Novel Coronavirus

Novel technology has led to advanced approaches and understandings of viral biology, and the advent in previous years has raised the possibility of determination of mechanisms of viral replication and infection, trans-species adaption, and disease. The outbreak of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global life-threatening concern recently. The war against COVID19 has now reached the most critical point, whereby it has caused worldwide social and economic disruption. Unfortunately, limited knowledge persists among the community regarding the biology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The present review will summarize the basic life cycle and replication of the well-studied coronaviruses, identifying the unique characteristics of coronavirus biology and highlighting critical points where research has made significant advances that might represent targets for antivirals or vaccines. Areas where rapid progress has been made in SARS-CoV research have been highlighted. Additionally, an overview of the efforts dedicated to an effective vaccine for this novel coronavirus, particularly different generations of vaccines, which has crippled the world, has also been discussed. Areas of concern for research in coronavirus replication, genetics, and pathogenesis have been explained as well. Speedy evaluation of multiple approaches to elicit protective immunity and safety is essential to curtail unwanted immune potentiation, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this virus. Hope is to provide a glimpse into the current efforts, and the progress is made with reference to Coronaviruses and how the community can work together to prevent and control coronavirus infection now and in the future.