ESD Protection Design With Low-Capacitance Consideration for High-Speed/High-Frequency I/O Interfaces in Integrated Circuits

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection has been a very important reliability issue in microelectronics, especially for integrated circuits (ICs). ESD protection design for giga-Hz high-speed input/output (I/O) circuits has been one of the key challenges to implement high-speed interface circuits in CMOS technology. Conventional on-chip ESD protection circuits at the I/O pads often cause unacceptable performance degradation to high-speed I/O circuits. Therefore, ESD protection circuits must be designed with minimum negative impact to the high-speed interface circuits and to sustain high enough ESD robustness. In this paper, ESD protection design considerations for high-speed I/O circuits are addressed, and the patents related to on-chip ESD protection designs for high-speed I/O circuits are presented and discussed.