Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Current Vascular Pharmacology
  4. Fast Track Articles
  5. Fast Track Article
image of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Introduction/Objective

The influence of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and its modalities on various neuropsychiatric conditions is herein explored together with their impact on specific cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVD).

Methods

A comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar on the above relevant topics. The focus was on large randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses.

Results

Among the various neuropsychiatric disorders, depression and anxiety commonly occur in CVD patients, frequently eluding clinician's attention. This reciprocal liaison may incur higher rates of morbidity/mortality, through physiological and behavioral mechanisms. Multimodal psychiatric interventions, using medications and psychotherapies, such as CBT, seem promising. Such mindfulness-based interventions have the potential to be an efficacious complementary strategy to address psychological stress in CVD patients. As the cost of CBT is relatively low, such a supportive approach for stress management provides high patient acceptability, with a positive impact on improving quality of life, by promoting CV health and mitigating CV complications.

Conclusion

There is ample evidence of a reciprocal liaison between heart and mind. Several CV risk factors are strongly affected by diseases of the mind, and the clinical course of various CVDs is influenced by affective or other psychiatric disorders. CBT and relevant mindfulness-based interventions have a significant supportive role in patients with various CVDs by targeting CV risk factor(s) or the underlying specific CVD and by identifying and addressing psychosocial issues. In this direction, various CBT interventions can provide the means to favorably influence both CV risk factors and CVDs.

© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cvp/10.2174/0115701611302479241010104240
2024-10-14
2024-11-23

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cvp/10.2174/0115701611302479241010104240
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Manolis T.A. Manolis A.A. Melita H. Manolis A.S. Neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with heart failure: not to be ignored. Heart Fail. Rev. 2022 28 4 821 858 10.1007/s10741‑022‑10290‑2 36547867
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Manolis T.A. Manolis A.A. Apostolopoulos E.J. Melita H. Manolis A.S. Depression and atrial fibrillation in a reciprocal liaison: a neuro-cardiac link. Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract. 2023 27 4 397 415 10.1080/13651501.2023.2248214 37615537
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Ryan E.M. Creaven A.M. Ní Néill E. O’Súilleabháin P.S. Anxiety following myocardial infarction: A systematic review of psychological interventions. Health Psychol. 2022 41 9 599 610 10.1037/hea0001216 36006699
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Manolis A.A. Manolis T.A. Melita H. Manolis A.S. Takotsubo syndrome and sudden cardiac death. Angiology 2023 74 2 105 128 10.1177/00033197221105757 35668627
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Li G.H.Y. Cheung C.L. Chung A.K.K. Cheung B.M.Y. Wong I.C.K. Fok M.L.Y. Au P.C.M. Sham P.C. Evaluation of bi-directional causal association between depression and cardiovascular diseases: A Mendelian randomization study. Psychol. Med. 2022 52 9 1765 1776 10.1017/S0033291720003566 33032663
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Pedersen S.S. Skov O. Ahm R. Are we getting closer to treating heart and mind together and bridging the gap for individual patients attending cardiac rehabilitation? Eur. Heart J. 2023 44 11 997 999 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac820 36649936
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Park C.S. Choi E.K. Han K.D. Ahn H.J. Kwon S. Lee S.R. Oh S. Lip G.Y.H. Increased cardiovascular events in young patients with mental disorders: A nationwide cohort study. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2023 30 15 1582 1592 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad102 37156491
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Chernoff R.A. Messineo G. Kim S. Pizano D. Korouri S. Danovitch I. IsHak W.W. Psychosocial interventions for patients with heart failure and their impact on depression, anxiety, quality of life, morbidity, and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom. Med. 2022 84 5 560 580 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001073 35354163
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Li Y.N. Buys N. Ferguson S. Li Z.J. Sun J. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based interventions on health outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis. World J. Psychiatry 2021 11 11 1147 1166 10.5498/wjp.v11.i11.1147 34888180
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Talebi Amri M. Bahraminasab M. Samkhaniyan E. Moini F. Kazemi Khobane Z. Effectiveness of behavioral-cognitive group therapy on improvement of quality of life of patients with coronary heart disease. J. Med. Life 2015 8 Special issue 4 301 306
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Zou H. Cao X. Chair S.Y. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of mindfulness‐based interventions for patients with coronary heart disease. J. Adv. Nurs. 2021 77 5 2197 2213 10.1111/jan.14738 33433036
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Visseren F.L.J. Mach F. Smulders Y.M. Carballo D. Koskinas K.C. Bäck M. Benetos A. Biffi A. Boavida J.M. Capodanno D. Cosyns B. Crawford C. Davos C.H. Desormais I. Di Angelantonio E. Franco O.H. Halvorsen S. Hobbs F.D.R. Hollander M. Jankowska E.A. Michal M. Sacco S. Sattar N. Tokgozoglu L. Tonstad S. Tsioufis K.P. van Dis I. van Gelder I.C. Wanner C. Williams B. De Backer G. Regitz-Zagrosek V. Aamodt A.H. Abdelhamid M. Aboyans V. Albus C. Asteggiano R. Bäck M. Borger M.A. Brotons C. Čelutkienė J. Cifkova R. Cikes M. Cosentino F. Dagres N. De Backer T. De Bacquer D. Delgado V. Den Ruijter H. Dendale P. Drexel H. Falk V. Fauchier L. Ference B.A. Ferrières J. Ferrini M. Fisher M. Fliser D. Fras Z. Gaita D. Giampaoli S. Gielen S. Graham I. Jennings C. Jorgensen T. Kautzky-Willer A. Kavousi M. Koenig W. Konradi A. Kotecha D. Landmesser U. Lettino M. Lewis B.S. Linhart A. Løchen M-L. Makrilakis K. Mancia G. Marques-Vidal P. McEvoy J.W. McGreavy P. Merkely B. Neubeck L. Nielsen J.C. Perk J. Petersen S.E. Petronio A.S. Piepoli M. Pogosova N.G. Prescott E.I.B. Ray K.K. Reiner Z. Richter D.J. Rydén L. Shlyakhto E. Sitges M. Sousa-Uva M. Sudano I. Tiberi M. Touyz R.M. Ungar A. Verschuren W.M.M. Wiklund O. Wood D. Zamorano J.L. Smulders Y.M. Carballo D. Koskinas K.C. Bäck M. Benetos A. Biffi A. Boavida J-M. Capodanno D. Cosyns B. Crawford C.A. Davos C.H. Desormais I. Di Angelantonio E. Franco Duran O.H. Halvorsen S. Richard Hobbs F.D. Hollander M. Jankowska E.A. Michal M. Sacco S. Sattar N. Tokgozoglu L. Tonstad S. Tsioufis K.P. Dis I. van Gelder I.C. Wanner C. Williams B. ESC National Cardiac Societies ESC Scientific Document Group 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur. Heart J. 2021 42 34 3227 3337 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484 34458905
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Rafanelli C. Gostoli S. Buzzichelli S. Guidi J. Sirri L. Gallo P. Marzola E. Bergerone S. De Ferrari G.M. Roncuzzi R. Di Pasquale G. Abbate-Daga G. Fava G.A. Sequential Combination of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment and Well-Being Therapy in Depressed Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Randomized Controlled Trial (TREATED-ACS Study). Psychother. Psychosom. 2020 89 6 345 356 10.1159/000510006 32791501
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Publishing A.P.A. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. TM American Psychiatric Association Publishing 2022
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Alsubaie M. Abbott R. Dunn B. Dickens C. Keil T.F. Henley W. Kuyken W. Mechanisms of action in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in people with physical and/or psychological conditions: A systematic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2017 55 74 91 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.008 28501707
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Heyrat A. Nekoui B. The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Approach in Alleviation of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Risks in Diabetic People. Iran. J. Psychiatry 2023 18 4 388 395 10.18502/ijps.v18i4.13626 37881426
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Sahranavard S. Esmaeili A. Salehiniya H. Behdani S. The effectiveness of group training of cognitive behavioral therapy-based stress management on anxiety, hardiness and self-efficacy in female medical students. J. Educ. Health Promot. 2019 8 1 49 10.4103/jehp.jehp_327_18 30993142
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Johnston D.W. Cognitive behaviour therapy for cardiovascular diseases. Z. Kardiol. 2000 89 S9 78 81
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Nuraeni A. Suryani S. Trisyani Y. Sofiatin Y. Efficacy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Reducing Depression among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Healthcare (Basel) 2023 11 7 943 10.3390/healthcare11070943 37046869
    [Google Scholar]
  20. O'Neil A.E. Sanderson K. The use of cognitive behavioral therapy for secondary prevention in patients with coronary heart disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 2011 171 16 1506
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Gulliksson M. Burell G. Vessby B. Lundin L. Toss H. Svärdsudd K. Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy vs standard treatment to prevent recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease: Secondary Prevention in Uppsala Primary Health Care project (SUPRIM). Arch. Intern. Med. 2011 171 2 134 140 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.510 21263103
    [Google Scholar]
  22. El Baou C. Desai R. Cooper C. Marchant N.L. Pilling S. Richards M. Saunders R. Buckman J.E.J. Aguirre E. John A. Stott J. Psychological therapies for depression and cardiovascular risk: evidence from national healthcare records in England. Eur. Heart J. 2023 44 18 1650 1662 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad188 37072130
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Nourisaeed A. Ghorban-Shiroudi S. Salari A. Comparison of the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy on perceived stress and coping skills in patients after myocardial infarction. ARYA Atheroscler. 2021 17 2 1 9 36338529
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Zhang D. Lee E.K.P. Mak E.C.W. Ho C.Y. Wong S.Y.S. Mindfulness-based interventions: an overall review. Br. Med. Bull. 2021 138 1 41 57 10.1093/bmb/ldab005 33884400
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Baer R. Crane C. Miller E. Kuyken W. Doing no harm in mindfulness-based programs: Conceptual issues and empirical findings. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2019 71 101 114 10.1016/j.cpr.2019.01.001 30638824
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Crane R.S. Brewer J. Feldman C. Kabat-Zinn J. Santorelli S. Williams J.M.G. Kuyken W. What defines mindfulness-based programs? The warp and the weft. Psychol. Med. 2017 47 6 990 999 10.1017/S0033291716003317 28031068
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Segal Z.V. Walsh K.M. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for residual depressive symptoms and relapse prophylaxis. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 2016 29 1 7 12 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000216 26575299
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Teasdale J.D. Segal Z.V. Williams J.M.G. Ridgeway V.A. Soulsby J.M. Lau M.A. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2000 68 4 615 623 10.1037/0022‑006X.68.4.615 10965637
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Merkes M. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for people with chronic diseases. Aust. J. Prim. Health 2010 16 3 200 210 10.1071/PY09063 20815988
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Loucks E.B. Schuman-Olivier Z. Britton W.B. Fresco D.M. Desbordes G. Brewer J.A. Fulwiler C. Mindfulness and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: State of the Evidence, Plausible Mechanisms, and Theoretical Framework. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2015 17 12 112 10.1007/s11886‑015‑0668‑7 26482755
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Johansson P. Westas M. Andersson G. Alehagen U. Broström A. Jaarsma T. Mourad G. Lundgren J. An Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program Adapted to Patients With Cardiovascular Disease and Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Ment. Health 2019 6 10 e14648 10.2196/14648 31584000
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Norlund F. Wallin E. Olsson E.M.G. Wallert J. Burell G. von Essen L. Held C. Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Among Patients With a Recent Myocardial Infarction: The U-CARE Heart Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Med. Internet Res. 2018 20 3 e88 10.2196/jmir.9710 29519777
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Humphries S.M. Wallert J. Norlund F. Wallin E. Burell G. von Essen L. Held C. Olsson E.M.G. Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Patients Reporting Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression After Myocardial Infarction: U-CARE Heart Randomized Controlled Trial Twelve-Month Follow-up. J. Med. Internet Res. 2021 23 5 e25465 10.2196/25465 34028358
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Sylvia L.G. Gold A.K. Rakhilin M. Amado S. Modrow M.F. Albury E.A. George N. Peters A.T. Selvaggi C.A. Horick N. Rabideau D.J. Dohse H. Tovey R.E. Turner J.A. Schopfer D.W. Pletcher M.J. Katz D. Deckersbach T. Nierenberg A.A. Healthy hearts healthy minds: A randomized trial of online interventions to improve physical activity. J. Psychosom. Res. 2023 164 111110 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111110 36525851
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Manolis A.S. Manolis T.A. Melita H. Atherosclerosis: an Athero-Thrombo-Inflammatory Disease. Hosp. Chron. 2012 7 4 195 201
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Deter H.C. Orth-Gomér K. Rauch-Kröhnert U. Albus C. Ladwig K.H. Söllner W. de Zwaan M. Grün A.S. Ronel J. Hellmich M. Herrmann-Lingen C. Weber C. SPIRR-CAD - Study Group Depression, anxiety, and vital exhaustion are associated with pro-coagulant markers in depressed patients with coronary artery disease – A cross sectional and prospective secondary analysis of the SPIRR-CAD trial. J. Psychosom. Res. 2021 151 110659 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110659 34763203
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Reavell J. Hopkinson M. Clarkesmith D. Lane D.A. Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychosom. Med. 2018 80 8 742 753 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000626 30281027
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Lee S.Y. Gathright E.C. Wu W.C. Salmoirago-Blotcher E. Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A Focused Review for Practicing Clinicians. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2023 25 4 185 191 10.1007/s11886‑023‑01846‑1 36862351
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Euteneuer F. Neuert M. Salzmann S. Fischer S. Ehlert U. Rief W. Does psychological treatment of major depression reduce cardiac risk biomarkers? An exploratory randomized controlled trial. Psychol. Med. 2023 53 8 3735 3749 10.1017/S0033291722000447 35232509
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Euteneuer F. Dannehl K. del Rey A. Engler H. Schedlowski M. Rief W. Immunological effects of behavioral activation with exercise in major depression: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. Transl. Psychiatry 2017 7 5 e1132 10.1038/tp.2017.76 28509904
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Olsson E.M.G. Norlund F. Pingel R. Burell G. Gulliksson M. Larsson A. Karlsson B. Svärdsudd K. Held C. The effect of group-based cognitive behavioral therapy on inflammatory biomarkers in patients with coronary heart disease—results from the SUPRIM-trial. Ups. J. Med. Sci. 2018 123 3 167 173 10.1080/03009734.2018.1490829 30086659
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Chevalier P. Cottraux J. Mollard E. Sai N. Brun S. Burri H. Restier L. Adeleine P. Prevention of implantable defibrillator shocks by cognitive behavioral therapy: A pilot trial. Am. Heart J. 2006 151 1 191.e1 191.e6 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.007 16368316
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Savin K.L. Clark T.L. Perez-Ramirez P. Allen T.S. Tristão Parra M. Gallo L.C. The Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) on Cardiometabolic Health Biomarkers: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Behav. Sleep Med. 2023 21 6 671 694 10.1080/15402002.2022.2154213 36476211
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Garcia-Silva J. Borrego I.R.S. Navarrete N.N. Peralta-Ramirez M.I. Águila F.J. Caballo V.E. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy for lifestyle modification in metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial with a 18-months follow-up. Psychol. Health 2024 39 2 195 215 10.1080/08870446.2022.2055023 35345950
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Stewart J.C. Patel J.S. Polanka B.M. Gao S. Nurnberger J.I. MacDonald K.L. Gupta S.K. Considine R.V. Kovacs R.J. Vrany E.A. Berntson J. Hsueh L. Shell A.L. Rollman B.L. Callahan C.M. Effect of modernized collaborative care for depression on depressive symptoms and cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers: eIMPACT randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav. Immun. 2023 112 18 28 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.05.007 37209779
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Li D. Xu T. Xie D. Wang M. Sun S. Wang M. Zhang S. Yang X. Zhang Z. Wang S. Kuang M. Tang J. Liu H. Hong X. Fu G. Zhang W. Efficacy of Mobile-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Lowering Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Multicenter, Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Med. Internet Res. 2023 25 e44939 10.2196/44939 37043273
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Achmon J. Granek M. Golomb M. Hart J. Behavioral treatment of essential hypertension: a comparison between cognitive therapy and biofeedback of heart rate. Psychosom. Med. 1989 51 2 152 164 10.1097/00006842‑198903000‑00005 2710909
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Shapiro D. Hui K.K. Oakley M.E. Pasic J. Jamner L.D. Reduction in drug requirements for hypertension by means of a cognitive-behavioral intervention. Am. J. Hypertens. 1997 10 1 9 17 10.1016/S0895‑7061(96)00258‑0 9008243
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Conversano C. Orrù G. Pozza A. Miccoli M. Ciacchini R. Marchi L. Gemignani A. Is Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Effective for People with Hypertension? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 30 Years of Evidence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021 18 6 2882 10.3390/ijerph18062882 33799828
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Geiger C. Cramer H. Dobos G. Kohl-Heckl W.K. A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness-based stress reduction for arterial hypertension. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2022 37 3 161 169 10.1038/s41371‑022‑00764‑z 36216879
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Xu M. Guo K. Shang X. Zhou L. e F. Yang C. Wu Y. Li X. Yang K. Network Meta-Analysis of Behavioral Programs for Smoking Cessation in Healthy People. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2023 65 2 327 336 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.02.032 36893951
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Araujo M.S. Silva L.G.D. Pereira G.M.A. Pinto N.F. Costa F.M. Moreira L. Nunes D.P. Canan M.G.M. Oliveira M.H.S. Mindfulness-based treatment for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. J. Bras. Pneumol. 2022 47 6 e20210254 35019055
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Vinci C. Cognitive Behavioral and Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Smoking Cessation: a Review of the Recent Literature. Curr. Oncol. Rep. 2020 22 6 58 10.1007/s11912‑020‑00915‑w 32415381
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Webb Hooper M. Lee D.J. Simmons V.N. Brandon K.O. Antoni M.H. Asfar T. Cognitive behavioral therapy versus general health education for smoking cessation: A randomized controlled trial among diverse treatment seekers. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 2023 37141036
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Lloyd-Jones D.M. Allen N.B. Anderson C.A.M. Black T. Brewer L.C. Foraker R.E. Grandner M.A. Lavretsky H. Perak A.M. Sharma G. Rosamond W. American Heart Association Life’s Essential 8: Updating and Enhancing the American Heart Association’s Construct of Cardiovascular Health: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2022 146 5 e18 e43 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001078 35766027
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Manolis T.A. Manolis A.A. Apostolopoulos E.J. Melita H. Manolis A.S. Cardiovascular Complications of Sleep Disorders: A Better Night’s Sleep for a Healthier Heart / From Bench to Bedside. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 2020 19 2 210 232 10.2174/1570161118666200325102411 32209044
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Lichtman J.H. Froelicher E.S. Blumenthal J.A. Carney R.M. Doering L.V. Frasure-Smith N. Freedland K.E. Jaffe A.S. Leifheit-Limson E.C. Sheps D.S. Vaccarino V. Wulsin L. American Heart Association Statistics Committee of the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention and the Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing Depression as a risk factor for poor prognosis among patients with acute coronary syndrome: systematic review and recommendations: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014 129 12 1350 1369 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000019 24566200
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Kim J.M. Stewart R. Kang H.J. Kim S.Y. Kim J.W. Lee H.J. Lee J.Y. Kim S.W. Shin I.S. Kim M.C. Shin H.Y. Hong Y.J. Ahn Y. Jeong M.H. Yoon J.S. Long-term cardiac outcomes of depression screening, diagnosis and treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome: the DEPACS study. Psychol. Med. 2021 51 6 964 974 10.1017/S003329171900388X 31907104
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Schnohr P. Marott J.L. Kristensen T.S. Gyntelberg F. Gronbaek M. Lange P. Jensen M.T. Jensen G.B. Prescott E. Ranking of psychosocial and traditional risk factors by importance for coronary heart disease: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur. Heart J. 2015 36 22 1385 1393 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv027 25681607
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Zhang W.Y. Nan N. He Y. Zuo H.J. Song X.T. Zhang M. Zhou Y. Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors in coronary patients. Psychol. Health Med. 2023 28 5 1275 1287 10.1080/13548506.2022.2104885 35880259
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Storer B. Kershaw K.A. Braund T.A. Chakouch C. Coleshill M.J. Haffar S. Harvey S. Newby J.M. Sicouri G. Murphy M. Global Prevalence of Anxiety in Adult Cardiology Outpatients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2023 48 11 101877 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101877 37336306
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Berg S.K. Herning M. Schjødt I. Thorup C.B. Juul C. Svendsen J.H. Jorgensen M.B. Risom S.S. Christensen S.W. Thygesen L. Rasmussen T.B. The heart & mind trial: intervention with cognitive–behavioural therapy in patients with cardiac disease and anxiety: randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open 2021 11 12 e057085 10.1136/bmjopen‑2021‑057085 34862302
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Parsons E.M. Hiserodt M. Otto M.W. Initial assessment of the feasibility and efficacy of a scalable digital CBT for generalized anxiety and associated health behaviors in a cardiovascular disease population. Contemp. Clin. Trials 2023 124 107018 10.1016/j.cct.2022.107018 36414206
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Bethge M. Thome-Soós F. Rašo L.M. Weier L. Benninghoven D. Cognitive-behavioral rehabilitation in patients with cardiovascular diseases: a randomized controlled trial (CBR-CARDIO, DRKS00029295). BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 2023 23 1 252 10.1186/s12872‑023‑03272‑1 37189029
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Magán I. Casado L. Jurado-Barba R. Barnum H. Redondo M.M. Hernandez A.V. Bueno H. Efficacy of psychological interventions on psychological outcomes in coronary artery disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol. Med. 2021 51 11 1846 1860 10.1017/S0033291720000598 32249725
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Magán I. Jurado-Barba R. Casado L. Barnum H. Jeon A. Hernandez A.V. Bueno H. Efficacy of psychological interventions on clinical outcomes of coronary artery disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Psychosom. Res. 2022 153 110710 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110710 34999380
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Wallert J. Olsson E.M.G. Pingel R. Norlund F. Leosdottir M. Burell G. Held C. Attending Heart School and long-term outcome after myocardial infarction: A decennial SWEDEHEART registry study. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2020 27 2 145 154 10.1177/2047487319871714 31514507
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Berkman L.F. Blumenthal J. Burg M. Carney R.M. Catellier D. Cowan M.J. Czajkowski S.M. DeBusk R. Hosking J. Jaffe A. Kaufmann P.G. Mitchell P. Norman J. Powell L.H. Raczynski J.M. Schneiderman N. Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients Investigators (ENRICHD) Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial. JAMA 2003 289 23 3106 3116 10.1001/jama.289.23.3106 12813116
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Lim G.E.H. Tang A. Chin Y.H. Yong J.N. Tan D. Tay P. Chan Y.Y. Lim D.M.W. Yeo J.W. Chan K.E. Devi K. Ong C.E.C. Foo R.S.Y. Tan H.C. Chan M.Y. Ho R. Loh P.H. Chew N.W.S. A network meta-analysis of 12,116 individuals from randomized controlled trials in the treatment of depression after acute coronary syndrome. PLoS One 2022 17 11 e0278326 10.1371/journal.pone.0278326 36449499
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Yu H. Ma Y. Lei R. Xu D. A meta-analysis of clinical efficacy and quality of life of cognitive-behavioral therapy in acute coronary syndrome patients with anxiety and depression. Ann. Palliat. Med. 2020 9 4 1886 1895 10.21037/apm‑20‑974 32576008
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Ying H. Zhang X. He T. Feng Q. Wang R. Yang L. Duan J. A bibliometric analysis of research on heart failure comorbid with depression from 2002 to 2021. Heliyon 2023 9 2 e13054 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13054 36755587
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Basile C. Parlati A.L.M. Paolillo S. Marzano F. Nardi E. Chirico A. Buonocore D. Colella A. Fontanarosa S. Cotticelli C. Marchesi A. Rodolico D. Dellegrottaglie S. Gargiulo P. Prastaro M. Perrone-Filardi P. Montisci R. Depression in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction, an Undervalued Comorbidity: An Up-To-Date Review. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023 59 5 948 10.3390/medicina59050948 37241180
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Rajasree Katta M. Prasad S. Tiwari A. Abdelgawad Abouzid M.R. Mitra S. The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for heart failure patients: a narrative review. J. Int. Med. Res. 2023 51 9 03000605231198371 10.1177/03000605231198371 37694958
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Balata M. Gbreel M.I. Elrashedy A.A. Westenfeld R. Pfister R. Zimmer S. Nickenig G. Becher M.U. Sugiura A. Clinical effects of cognitive behavioral therapy in heart failure patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 2023 23 1 280 10.1186/s12906‑023‑04117‑2 37550665
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Nso N. Emmanuel K. Nassar M. Rezaei Bookani K. Antwi-Amoabeng D. Alshamam M. Kondaveeti R. Kompella R. Lakhdar S. Rizzo V. Sorkin M. Munira M.S. Radparvar F. Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Heart Failure Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cardiol. Rev. 2023 31 3 139 148 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000439 37036192
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Mhanna M. Sauer M.C. Al-Abdouh A. Jabri A. Abusnina W. Safi M. Beran A. Mansour S. Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and metanalysis of randomized control trials. Heart Fail. Rev. 2023 28 5 1091 1100 10.1007/s10741‑023‑10308‑3 37017817
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Smagula S.F. Freedland K.E. Steinmeyer B.C. Wallace M.J. Carney R.M. Rich M.W. Moderators of Response to Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Major Depression in Patients With Heart Failure. Psychosom. Med. 2019 81 6 506 512 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000712 31083052
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Lincoln N.B. Flannaghan T. Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy for depression following stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2003 34 1 111 115 10.1161/01.STR.0000044167.44670.55 12511760
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Tao S. Geng Y. Li M. Ye J. Liu Z. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on depression in poststroke patients-A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Psychosom. Res. 2022 163 111071 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111071 36347179
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Ahrens J. Shao R. Blackport D. Macaluso S. Viana R. Teasell R. Mehta S. Cognitive -behavioral therapy for managing depressive and anxiety symptoms after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Top. Stroke Rehabil. 2023 30 4 368 383 10.1080/10749357.2022.2049505 35352629
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Wang S.B. Wang Y.Y. Zhang Q.E. Wu S.L. Ng C.H. Ungvari G.S. Chen L. Wang C.X. Jia F.J. Xiang Y.T. Cognitive behavioral therapy for post-stroke depression: A meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 2018 235 589 596 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.011 29704854
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Mack A. Hildebrand M. Interventions for Caregivers of People Who Have Had a Stroke: A Systematic Review. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 2023 77 1 7701205180 10.5014/ajot.2023.050012 36795373
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Särnholm J. Skúladóttir H. Rück C. Axelsson E. Bonnert M. Bragesjö M. Venkateshvaran A. Ólafsdóttir E. Pedersen S.S. Ljótsson B. Braunschweig F. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Improves Quality of Life in Patients With Symptomatic Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2023 82 1 46 56 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.044 37380303
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Minjie Z. Zhijuan X. Xinxin S. Xinzhu B. Shan Q. The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on health-related quality of life, anxiety, depression, illness perception, and in atrial fibrillation patients: a six-month longitudinal study. BMC Psychol. 2023 11 1 431 10.1186/s40359‑023‑01457‑z 38062475
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Eroglu T.E. Coronel R. Halili A. Kessing L.V. Arulmurugananthavadivel A. Parveen S. Folke F. Torp-Pedersen C. Gislason G.H. Long-term stress conditions and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest risk: a nested case–control study. Open Heart 2023 10 1 e002223 10.1136/openhrt‑2022‑002223 37147025
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Manolis A.A. Manolis T.A. Apostolopoulos E.J. Apostolaki N.E. Melita H. Manolis A.S. The role of the autonomic nervous system in cardiac arrhythmias: The neuro-cardiac axis, more foe than friend? Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2021 31 5 290 302 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.04.011 32434043
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Hammash M. McEvedy S.M. Wright J. Cameron J. Miller J. Ski C.F. Thompson D.R. Biddle M.J. Wimsatt A. Schrader M. Smith R.V. Chung M.L. Moser D.K. Perceived control and quality of life among recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Aust. Crit. Care 2019 32 5 383 390 10.1016/j.aucc.2018.08.005 30292645
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Freedenberg V. Thomas S.A. Friedmann E. Anxiety and depression in implanted cardioverter-defibrillator recipients and heart failure: a review. Heart Fail. Clin. 2011 7 1 59 68 10.1016/j.hfc.2010.08.008 21109208
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Irvine J. Firestone J. Ong L. Cribbie R. Dorian P. Harris L. Ritvo P. Katz J. Newman D. Cameron D. Johnson S. Bilanovic A. Hill A. O’Donnell S. Sears S. Jr A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy tailored to psychological adaptation to an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Psychosom. Med. 2011 73 3 226 233 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31820afc63 21321256
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Kohn C.S. Petrucci R.J. Baessler C. Soto D.M. Movsowitz C. The effect of psychological intervention on patients’ long-term adjustment to the ICD: a prospective study. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 2000 23 4 450 456 10.1111/j.1540‑8159.2000.tb00826.x 10793433
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Craft L.L. Perna F.M. The Benefits of Exercise for the Clinically Depressed. Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry 2004 6 3 104 111 15361924
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Manolis A.S. Manolis A.A. Exercise and Arrhythmias: A Double‐Edged Sword. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 2016 39 7 748 762 10.1111/pace.12879 27120033
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Das A. Roy B. Schwarzer G. Silverman M.G. Ziegler O. Bandyopadhyay D. Philpotts L.L. Sinha S. Blumenthal J.A. Das S. Comparison of treatment options for depression in heart failure: A network meta-analysis. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2019 108 7 23 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.10.007 30419488
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Singh B. Olds T. Curtis R. Dumuid D. Virgara R. Watson A. Szeto K. O’Connor E. Ferguson T. Eglitis E. Miatke A. Simpson C.E.M. Maher C. Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews. Br. J. Sports Med. 2023 57 18 1203 1209 10.1136/bjsports‑2022‑106195 36796860
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Balady G.J. Williams M.A. Ades P.A. Bittner V. Comoss P. Foody J.M. Franklin B. Sanderson B. Southard D. American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Core Components of Cardiac Rehabilitation/Secondary Prevention Programs: 2007 Update. Circulation 2007 115 20 2675 2682 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.180945 17513578
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Holdgaard A. Eckhardt-Hansen C. Lassen C.F. Kjesbu I.E. Dall C.H. Michaelsen K.L. Sibilitz K.L. Prescott E. Rasmusen H.K. Cognitive-behavioural therapy reduces psychological distress in younger patients with cardiac disease: a randomized trial. Eur. Heart J. 2023 44 11 986 996 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac792 36649937
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Blumenthal J.A. Sherwood A. Smith P.J. Watkins L. Mabe S. Kraus W.E. Ingle K. Miller P. Hinderliter A. Enhancing Cardiac Rehabilitation With Stress Management Training. Circulation 2016 133 14 1341 1350 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018926 27045127
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Sherwood A. Blumenthal J.A. Smith P.J. Watkins L.L. Hoffman B.M. Hinderliter A.L. Effects of Exercise and Sertraline on Measures of Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Patients With Major Depression: Results From the SMILE-II Randomized Clinical Trial. Psychosom. Med. 2016 78 5 602 609 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000301 26867076
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Delialis D. Mavraganis G. Dimoula A. Patras R. Dimopoulou A.M. Sianis A. Ajdini E. Maneta E. Kokras N. Stamatelopoulos K. Georgiopoulos G. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on endothelial function. J. Affect. Disord. 2022 316 71 75 10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.007 35944740
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Carney R.M. Freedland K.E. Depression and coronary heart disease. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2017 14 3 145 155 10.1038/nrcardio.2016.181 27853162
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Doyle F. Freedland K.E. Carney R.M. de Jonge P. Dickens C. Pedersen S.S. Sorensen J. Dempster M. Hybrid Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Interventions for Depressive Symptoms in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Psychosom. Med. 2021 83 5 423 431 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000944 34074982
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Tully P.J. Ang S.Y. Lee E.J. Bendig E. Bauereiß N. Bengel J. Baumeister H. Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2021 12 12 CD008012 34910821
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Eisenberg D.M. Delbanco T.L. Berkey C.S. Kaptchuk T.J. Kupelnick B. Kuhl J. Chalmers T.C. Cognitive behavioral techniques for hypertension: are they effective? Ann. Intern. Med. 1993 118 12 964 972 10.7326/0003‑4819‑118‑12‑199306150‑00009 8489111
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Jeyanantham K. Kotecha D. Thanki D. Dekker R. Lane D.A. Effects of cognitive behavioural therapy for depression in heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail. Rev. 2017 22 6 731 741 10.1007/s10741‑017‑9640‑5 28733911
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Linden W. Phillips M.J. Leclerc J. Psychological treatment of cardiac patients: a meta-analysis. Eur. Heart J. 2007 28 24 2972 2984 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm504 17984133
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Whalley B. Thompson D.R. Taylor R.S. Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease: cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2014 21 1 109 121 10.1007/s12529‑012‑9282‑x 23179678
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Pedersen S.S. Skovbakke S.J. Skov O. Carlbring P. Burg M.M. Habibović M. Ahm R. Internet-Delivered, Therapist-Assisted Treatment for Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence-Base and Challenges. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2023 25 6 443 453 10.1007/s11886‑023‑01867‑w 37119450
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Neher M. Nygårdh A. Nilsen P. Broström A. Johansson P. Implementing internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with cardiovascular disease and psychological distress: a scoping review. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2019 18 5 346 357 10.1177/1474515119833251 30795698
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Lv J. Zhang X. Ou S. Gu S. Su Z. Tong S. Liu B. Song Z. Chi L. Influence of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Mood and Quality of Life After Stent Implantation in Young and Middle-Aged Patients With Coronary Heart Disease. Int. Heart J. 2016 57 2 167 172 10.1536/ihj.15‑259 26973262
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Yousefy A. Nekouei Z.K. Manshaee G. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and quality of life: An experience among cardiac patients. J. Educ. Health Promot. 2012 1 1 2 10.4103/2277‑9531.94410 23555105
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Sobczak-Kaleta M. Qawoq H. Krawczyk M. Wierzbowska-Drabik K. Kasprzak J. Cognitive behavioral intervention improves quality of life and perceived illness acceptance in patients after cardiac electrotherapy devices implantation. Psychiatr. Pol. 2019 53 5 1037 1051 10.12740/PP/109217 31955184
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Mourad G. Lundgren J. Andersson G. Husberg M. Johansson P. Cost-effectiveness of internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease and depressive symptoms: secondary analysis of an RCT. BMJ Open 2022 12 4 e059939 10.1136/bmjopen‑2021‑059939 35410939
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Pedersen S.S. Andersen C.M. Ahm R. Skovbakke S.J. Kok R. Helmark C. Wiil U.K. Schmidt T. Olsen K.R. Hjelmborg J. Zwisler A.D. Frostholm L. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a therapist-assisted web-based intervention for depression and anxiety in patients with ischemic heart disease attending cardiac rehabilitation [eMindYourHeart trial]: a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 2021 21 1 20 10.1186/s12872‑020‑01801‑w 33413109
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Blumenthal J.A. Rozanski A. Exercise as a therapeutic modality for the prevention and treatment of depression. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2023 77 50 58 10.1016/j.pcad.2023.02.008 36848966
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Albus C. Waller C. Fritzsche K. Gunold H. Haass M. Hamann B. Kindermann I. Köllner V. Leithäuser B. Marx N. Meesmann M. Michal M. Ronel J. Scherer M. Schrader V. Schwaab B. Weber C.S. Herrmann-Lingen C. Significance of psychosocial factors in cardiology: update 2018. Clin. Res. Cardiol. 2019 108 11 1175 1196 10.1007/s00392‑019‑01488‑w 31076853
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Sommaruga M. Angelino E. Della Porta P. Abatello M. Baiardo G. Balestroni G. Bettinardi O. Callus E. Ciracì C. Omodeo O. Rizza C. Michielin P. Ambrosetti M. Griffo R. Pedretti R.F.E. Pierobon A. Best practice in psychological activities in cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation: Position Paper. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. 2018 88 2 966 10.4081/monaldi.2018.966 29962189
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Ladwig K.H. Lederbogen F. Albus C. Angermann C. Borggrefe M. Fischer D. Fritzsche K. Haass M. Jordan J. Jünger J. Kindermann I. Köllner V. Kuhn B. Scherer M. Seyfarth M. Völler H. Waller C. Herrmann-Lingen C. Position paper on the importance of psychosocial factors in cardiology: Update 2013. Ger. Med. Sci. 2014 12 Doc09 24808816
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Welton N.J. Caldwell D.M. Adamopoulos E. Vedhara K. Mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis of complex interventions: psychological interventions in coronary heart disease. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2009 169 9 1158 1165 10.1093/aje/kwp014 19258485
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Ladwig K.H. Baghai T.C. Doyle F. Hamer M. Herrmann-Lingen C. Kunschitz E. Lemogne C. Beresnevaite M. Compare A. von Känel R. Sager H.B. Kop W.J. Mental health-related risk factors and interventions in patients with heart failure: a position paper endorsed by the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2022 29 7 1124 1141 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac006 35104845
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Virani S.S. Newby L.K. Arnold S.V. Bittner V. Brewer L.C. Demeter S.H. Dixon D.L. Fearon W.F. Hess B. Johnson H.M. Kazi D.S. Kolte D. Kumbhani D.J. LoFaso J. Mahtta D. Mark D.B. Minissian M. Navar A.M. Patel A.R. Piano M.R. Rodriguez F. Talbot A.W. Taqueti V.R. Thomas R.J. van Diepen S. Wiggins B. Williams M.S. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2023 82 9 833 955 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003 37480922
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Tully P.J. Turnbull D.A. Horowitz J.D. Beltrame J.F. Baune B.T. Sauer-Zavala S. Baumeister H. Bean C.G. Pinto R.B. Cosh S. Wittert G.A. Transdiagnostic Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders in Cardiovascular Disease Patients: Results From the CHAMPS Pilot-Feasibility Trial. Front. Psychiatry 2022 13 741039 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.741039 35492726
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Proctor G. CBT: the obscuring of power in the name of science. Eur. J. Psychother. Couns. Health 2008 10 3 231 245 10.1080/13642530802337975
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Grammaticos P.C. Diamantis A. Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus. Hell. J. Nucl. Med. 2008 11 1 2 4 18392218
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cvp/10.2174/0115701611302479241010104240
Loading
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0115701611302479241010104240
/content/journals/cvp/10.2174/0115701611302479241010104240
/content/journals/cvp/10.2174/0115701611302479241010104240
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keywords: emotional stress ; anxiety ; cardiovascular disease ; depression ; psychotherapy ; Cognitive behavioral therapy ; myocardial infarction ; psychiatric intervention

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test