Current Pediatric Reviews - Volume 20, Issue 4, 2024

With the increased discovery of genes implicated in vitamin D metabolism and the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis, a growing number of genetic forms of rickets are now recognized. These are categorized into calciopenic and phosphopenic rickets. Calciopenic forms of hereditary rickets are caused by genetic mutations that alter the enzymatic activity in the vitamin D activation pathway or impair the vit Read More

The diagnosis and management of metabolic bone disease among children can be challenging. This difficulty could be due to many factors, including limited awareness of these rare conditions, the complex pathophysiology of calcium and phosphate homeostasis, the overlapping phenotype with more common disorders (such as rickets), and the lack of specific treatments for these rare disorders. As a result, affect Read More

Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is an autoinflammatory bone disorder mostly affecting children and adolescents. Although it is considered a rare disease, CNO is likely to be the single most common autoinflammatory bone disease in childhood, underdiagnosed and underreported due to a lack of awareness of the condition in both medics and patients and the absence of validated diagnostic criteria. Read More

Phosphate is indispensable for human life and evolutionary changes over several millions of years have established tightly regulated mechanisms to ensure phosphate homeostasis. In this process, calcium and phosphate metabolism have come to be intricately linked together. Three hormones (PTH, FGF23 and Calcitriol) maintain the fine balance of calcium and phosphate metabolism through their actions at three sites (the gut, Read More

Limping is a common presenting complaint in children. Despite this, it remains to be a diagnostic challenge for treating physicians due to an expanded list of etiologies. It arises from a spectrum of disorders, ranging from physiological variations of gait at different stages of development to systemic causes, such as inflammatory diseases or musculoskeletal infections. On rare occasions, non-musculoskeletal causes could r Read More

With advances in neonatal care, bone fractures prior to discharge from the hospital in preterm infants receiving contemporary neonatal care, are rare. Nevertheless, such fractures do occur in very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight infants who go on to develop metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP), with or without secondary hyperparathyroidism. MBDP is a multifactorial disorder arising from the disrup Read More

Reactive arthritis is an acute inflammatory aseptic arthritis that is preceded by an infectious process in genetically predisposed individuals. It has been associated with gastrointestinal or genitourinary infection. Reactive arthritis is rare in children. In this review, we present two index cases that need biologic treatment followed by a thorough review of reactive arthritis in children and adolescents with proposed treatment algorithm.

Background: Erythema infectiosum occurs worldwide. School-aged children are most often affected. Since the diagnosis is mainly clinical, physicians should be well-versed in the clinical manifestations of erythema infectiosum to avoid misdiagnosis, unnecessary investigations, and mismanagement of the disease. Objectives: The purpose of this article is to familiarize physicians with the wide spectrum of clinical man Read More

Trauma is the leading cause of preventable deaths in children all over the world. In the majority of cases, children are innocent victims of road traffic accidents. They suffer from both short-term and long-term impacts of trauma. Deaths from road traffic accidents can be prevented by adopting simple road safety measures and the use of protective equipment. Worldwide programs have been initiated to curb this ever-ri Read More

Background: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is prevalent among pediatric population, adolescent and young adults. Patients with ACD experience a lot of sociopsychological and quality-of- life (QoL) difficulties. Children and their caregivers alike are vulnerable to the burden of ACD. Objectives: We have, in this paper, provided an overview of ACD and discussed common and unusual causes of ACD. Methods: We performed an up Read More

Unhealthy pregnancy and the resultant abnormalities in newborns exhibit a significant drawback. Each year, an estimated 15 million babies are born prematurely, accounting for the majority of deaths among children under the age of 5. India accounts for about a quarter of all preterm birth (PTB) incidences, with few therapeutic options available. However, research shows that consuming more marine foods (rich in omega-3 Read More

Background: Premature thelarche is the most common pubertal disorder in girls. The condition should be differentiated from central precocious puberty which may result in early epiphyseal fusion and reduced adult height, necessitating treatment. Objectives: The purpose of this article is to familiarize physicians with the clinical manifestations of premature thelarche and laboratory tests that may help distinguish premature t Read More

To date, the complex picture of atopic dermatitis (AD) has not yet been fully clarified, despite the important prevalence of this disease in the pediatric population (20%) and the possibility of persistence into adulthood, with important implications for the quality of life of those affected, as well as significant social and financial costs. The most recent scientific evidence suggests a new interpretation of AD, highlighting the im Read More

Background: From time to time, physicians face challenging diagnostic and therapeutic issues concerning the acute management of children with viral encephalitis. Objectives: The aim of this article is to provide an updated narrative review on the similarities and differences between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza encephalitis. Methods: A PubMed search was performed with the function “Clinical Queries” using the key terms “SA Read More

Introduction: For a long time, molding was one of the most important methods of producing metal, ceramic, and polymer materials. The two essential factors in this method were always cost and time. Technology advancements have made it possible to design in 3D using a computer and additive manufacturing. This article covers methods for using 3D printers to save time and money in the process of creating the final pr Read More

Introduction: Invasive fungal infections (IFI) cause significant mortality and morbidity in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Early recognition and prompt treatment of invasive fungal infections are important. This article reviewed the mortality and morbidity of IFIs in the PICU of Hong Kong Children's Hospital. Methods: A retrospective review of all PICU admissions from April 2019 to May 2021 was performed. The following d Read More

Background: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (is the most prevalent type of cerebrovascular accident in premature infants, which can result in lasting neurological complications. The aim of this study was to ascertain the frequency of IVH and its associated risk factors within our particular context. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit of a maternal and ne Read More