Current Pharmaceutical Design - Volume 27, Issue 23, 2021

Background: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are required for intact spermatogenesis and sperm function, but excessive levels will cause oxidative stress, impairing sperms and sperm function due to membrane damage and DNA fragmentation. Objective: Theoretically, antioxidant supplementation may act as a protection system against free radicals. Since infertile males have higher levels of ROS, nutritional supple Read More

Leydig and Sertoli cells are essential for the testicular homeostasis. Clinically, the testicular homeostasis is impaired in hypogonadal and subfertile men. Therapeutically, the selective oestrogen receptor modulator clomiphene citrate (CC) is frequently used to treat these patients. In men, the mechanism of action of CC has long been thought to be limited to inhibition of the retro-control by oestrogen on the pituitary gland. How Read More

Tamoxifen is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM). SERMs act on oestrogen receptors to inhibit oestradiol mediated negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, thereby upregulating gonadotrophin secretion and release from the pituitary. Hence, Tamoxifen is used to upregulate activation of the HPG axis in the treatment of male-factor infertility. However, due to a lack of robust evidence, Ta Read More

Background: To date, no randomized and controlled study has demonstrated the effect of adjuvant medical therapy on testicular sperm production before the sperm retrieval procedures in men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). Objectives: To present the available data on the administration of pharmaceutical agents prior to testicular sperm extraction (TESE) procedures in order to obtain better sperm retrieval Read More

The therapeutic range of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5) inhibitors is getting wider in the last years. This review study focuses on the potential employment of PDE5 inhibitors as an adjunct tool for the therapeutic management of male infertility. The literature tends to suggest a beneficial effect of PDE5 inhibitors on Leydig and Sertoli cells secretory function. It also appears that PDE5 inhibitors play a Read More

In heart failure (HF) patients, current European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines recommend the use of three loop diuretics (furosemide, torasemide, bumetanide) in order to not only reduce HF hospitalizations but also improve symptoms and exercise capacity in patients with signs and/or symptoms of congestion. In addition, for the first time in hypertensive patients, European Society of Hypertension (ESH) guideline Read More

Background: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been identified as novel molecular regulators in cancers. LncRNA ADAMTS9-AS2 can mediate the occurrence and development of cancer through various ways, such as regulating miRNAs, activating the classical signaling pathways in cancer, and so on, which have been studied by many scholars. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of ADAMTS9-AS2 in diff Read More

Drug-drug interactions may occur when combining two or more drugs may cause some adverse events such as cardiotoxicity, central neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, etc. However, a large number of researchers who are proficient in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have been engaged in drug assays and trying to find out the side effects of all kinds of drug combinations. However, at the same time, the nu Read More

Background and Aims: Alcohol use disorders (AUD) are among the most prevalent mental disorders around the world, yet still remain the most undertreated. Many studies report the low rate of treatment uptake, less than 20%, among people with AUD. Among those accessing care, a large majority only approach their GP for help. Therefore, primary care is a strategic setting for the identification and the management of AU Read More