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- Volume 19, Issue 17, 2013
Current Pharmaceutical Design - Volume 19, Issue 17, 2013
Volume 19, Issue 17, 2013
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Recent Progress in Molecular Mechanisms of Angiotensin II Type 1 and 2 Receptors
Authors: Shin-ichiro Miura, Satoshi Imaizumi and Keijiro SakuThe renin-angiotensin system hormone angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of vasoconstriction, cardiovascular hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Two distinct subtypes of Ang II receptor, type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2), have been identified, and both have been shown to belong to the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily. AT1 and AT2 receptors may have antagonistic action. While th Read More
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Angiotensin II Type 1 and Type 2 Receptor-induced Cell Signaling
Authors: Hiroshi Akazawa, Masamichi Yano, Chizuru Yabumoto, Yoko Kudo-Sakamoto and Issei KomuroThe octapeptide angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a homeostatic role in the regulation of blood pressure and water and electrolyte balance, and also contributes to the progression of cardiovascular remodeling. Ang II activates Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor and type 2 (AT2) receptor, both of which belong to the seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor family. Most of the actions of Ang II such as promotion of cellular prolif Read More
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Gene Polymorphism of Angiotensin II Type 1 and Type 2 Receptors
Authors: Tomohiro Katsuya and Ryuichi MorishitaRenin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and in the responsiveness for various types of medications. A large number of genetic investigations have been carried out to examine the association between gene variants of RAS and predisposition to cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease and stroke. Even though the major results were Read More
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Class- and Molecule-specific Differential Effects of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers
Authors: Satoshi Imaizumi, Shin-ichiro Miura, Eiji Yahiro, Yoshinari Uehara, Issei Komuro and Keijiro SakuAngiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 (ATl) receptor is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and contains 359 amino acids. AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs, e.g., eprosartan, losartan, candesartan, valsartan, telmisartan, olmesartan, irbesartan, and azilsartan) have been developed and are available for clinical use, and basic and clinical studies have shown that ARBs are useful for preventing the development of cardiova Read More
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The Pharmacological Effects of Novokinin; a Designed Peptide Agonist of the Angiotensin AT⊂ 2 Receptor
Authors: Masaaki Yoshikawa, Kousaku Ohinata and Yuko YamadaNovokinin (RPLKPW) was designed based on ovokinin (FRADHPFL), a vasorelaxing peptide derived from ovalbumin. Novokinin relaxed a mesenteric artery isolated from the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) at 10-5 M, and reduced SHR blood pressure at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg (po.) emulsified in 30% egg yolk. Novokinin exhibited an affinity for the AT2 receptor (Ki = 7 x 10-6M), and its antihypertensive and vasorelaxing activities Read More
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Regulation of Angiotensin II Receptor Expression
More LessThe biological functions of angiotensin (Ang) II are mediated by two Ang II receptors, designated type 1 receptor (AT1R) and type 2 receptor (AT2R). Most of the cardiovascular effects of Ang II are mediated by AT1R that is expressed widely in the body. The expression of AT1R is up-regulated in cardiovascular lesions, and is regulated by many endogenous bioactive substances and drugs. The AT2R is generally consid Read More
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Redox Control of Cardiovascular Homeostasis by Angiotensin II
Authors: Caroline Sunggip, Naoyuki Kitajima and Motohiro NishidaCovalent modification of sulfur-containing amino acids in proteins by reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been attracting attention as a major post-translational modification regulating intracellular signal transduction pathways. Angiotensin II (Ang II), a major physiologically active substrate in renin-angiotensin (RAS) system, plays a central role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular systems. Many evidences show that Ang II Read More
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Angiotensin II Blockade and Renal Protection
Authors: Hiroyuki Kobori, Hirohito Mori, Tsutomu Masaki and Akira NishiyamaCurrent national guidelines have recommended the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, including angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs), in preference to other antihypertensive agents for treating hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease. However, the mechanisms underlying the renoprotective effects of ARBs are multiple and complex. Blood pressure reduction by systemic vasodilation with an ARB Read More
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The Physiology and Pathophysiology of a Novel Angiotensin Receptor-binding Protein ATRAP/Agtrap
Authors: Kouichi Tamura, Hiromichi Wakui, Akinobu Maeda, Toru Dejima, Masato Ohsawa, Kengo Azushima, Tomohiko Kanaoka, Sona Haku, Kazushi Uneda, Shin-ichiro Masuda, Koichi Azuma, Atsu-ichiro Shigenaga, Yuichi Koide, Yuko Tsurumi-Ikeya, Miyuki Matsuda, Yoshiyuki Toya, Yasuo Tokita, Akio Yamashita and Satoshi UmemuraThe Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R)-associated protein (ATRAP/Agtrap) is a molecule specifically interacting with the carboxyl- terminal domain of AT1R. The results of in vitro studies showed that ATRAP suppresses Ang II-mediated pathological responses in cardiovascular cells by promoting AT1R internalization. With respect to the tissue distribution and regulation of ATRAP expression in vivo, ATRAP is broadly expressed in ma Read More
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Potential Effect of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade in Adipose Tissue and Bone
Authors: Hironori Nakagami, Mariana Kiomy Osako and Ryuichi MorishitaRecent evidence demonstrated that dysregulation of adipocytokine functions seen in abdominal obesity may be involved in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Angiotensinogen, the precursor of angiotensin (Ang) II, is produced primarily in the liver, and also in adipose tissue, where it is up-regulated during the development of obesity and involved in blood pressure regulation and adipose tissue growth. Blockade of renin- Read More
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Non-ACE Pathway-induced Angiotensin II Production
Authors: Yoshinari Uehara, Shin-ichiro Miura, Eiji Yahiro and Keijiro SakuFor the past century, the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has been recognized as one of the major blood pressure-regulating systems. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the final physiologically active product of RAS, and it works not only as a strong vasopressor but also as a promotor of tissue remodeling in various organs such as heart, arteries, and kidneys. RAS is the predominant pathway of Ang II formation in human plasma, but not in t Read More
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Angiotensin (1-7) and other Angiotensin Peptides
Authors: Mitsuru Ohishi, Koichi Yamamoto and Hiromi RakugiIn the classical renin angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin II (Ang II) plays many important roles in cardiovascular disease and in kidney, brain, and other organs via the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT⊂ 1). The RAS consists of many angiotensin peptides, including Ang (1-7), Ang (1-9), Ang (2-8), and Ang IV. Ang (1-7), produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), has received attention because ACE2-deficient mice have heart Read More
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Chymase Inhibitors
Authors: Eiji Yahiro, Shin-ichiro Miura, Satoshi Imaizumi, Yoshinari Uehara and Keijiro SakuChymase, a chymotrypsin-like serine protease that is abundant in secretory granules from mast cells, has been identified to be a key enzyme in the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that generates angiotensin II (Ang II) independent of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The pathophysiological significance of alternative Ang II-forming pathways in human cardiovascular disease remains controversial. Although Read More
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Role in Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Philipp A. Gerber, Ioanna Gouni-Berthold and Kaspar BerneisThe inverse association of cardiovascular risk with intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was suspected early in populations that are known to have a high consumption of fish and fish oil. Subsequent cohort studies confirmed such associations in other populations. Further evidence of possible beneficial effects on metabolism and cardiovascular health was provided by many studies that were able to show specific mech Read More
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The Role of Niacin in Lipid-lowering Treatment: Are we Aiming Too High?
Authors: Ioanna Gouni-Berthold and Heiner K. BertholdThe clinically most relevant medications for lipid management are the statins, which constitute in the majority of the cases the basis of any lipid-modulating therapy. However, other agents are often needed to either reduce low-density cholesterol to target levels and/or to treat residual serum lipoprotein abnormalities. Niacin is currently the most potent available agent to increase high-density lipoprotein and reduce lipop Read More
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Ezetimibe Therapy for Dyslipidemia: An Update
Ezetimibe, an inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol absorption, can decrease total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TGs) and apolipoprotein (apo) B levels and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Apart from lipid-lowering, ezetimibe may exert certain off-target actions (e.g. anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic and antioxidant) thus contributing to a further d Read More
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Colesevelam: A New and Improved Bile Acid Sequestrant?
Treatment with statins represents an essential component both of primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention strategies. However, a proportion of patients cannot reach low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targets with the highest tolerable dose of a potent statin or is intolerant to statins. Several treatment options are available for these patients. Colesevelam is a relatively new bile acid sequestrant tha Read More
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The Role of Fibrate Treatment in Dyslipidemia: An Overview
Dyslipidemia, and especially atherogenic dyslipidemia, a combination of small low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C), decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and increased triglyceride (TG) concentrations, represents a major cardiovascular (CV) risk factor. Nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism; PPAR ligands are used to treat dy Read More
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Volumes & issues
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Volume 31 (2025)
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Volume 30 (2024)
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Volume 29 (2023)
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Volume 28 (2022)
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Volume 27 (2021)
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Volume 26 (2020)
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Volume 25 (2019)
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Volume 24 (2018)
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Volume 23 (2017)
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Volume 22 (2016)
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Volume 21 (2015)
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Volume 20 (2014)
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Volume 19 (2013)
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- Issue 1
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Volume 18 (2012)
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Volume 17 (2011)
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Volume 16 (2010)
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Volume 15 (2009)
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Volume 14 (2008)
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Volume 13 (2007)
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Volume 12 (2006)
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Volume 11 (2005)
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Volume 10 (2004)
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Volume 9 (2003)
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Volume 8 (2002)
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Volume 7 (2001)
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Volume 6 (2000)
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