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Volume 24, Issue 3
  • ISSN: 1871-5273
  • E-ISSN: 1996-3181

Abstract

In this review, we have discussed the invasive and non-invasive treatment options for Parkinson’s Disease (PD) following their safety, specificity, and reliability. Initially, this study has highlighted the invasive treatment options and the side effects they possess. A deep understanding of L-Dopa treatment, as oral or infusion, and the use of dopamine agonists has indicated that there is a need to acquire an alternative treatment for PD. The combined therapy with L-Dopa has been proven to affect PD, but with some limitations, such as mild to chronic side effects, with particular requirements of age and health of the patient and a large amount of expenditure. In the discussion of noninvasive methods to treat PD, we have found that this approach is comparatively slow and requires repetitive sessions, but is safe, effective, and reliable at any stage of PD. Electroconvulsive therapy has revealed its effectiveness in various neurological diseases, including PD. Transcranial current stimulation (direct or alternative) has already been shown to have an alleviative response to PD symptoms. Transcranial magnetic stimulations and other strategies of using the magnetic field for potential treatment options for PD need to be explored further imminently.

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2024-09-02
2025-01-18

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/content/journals/cnsnddt/10.2174/0118715273318429240812094557
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Noninvasive Therapies: A Forthcoming Approach to Parkinson's Treatment
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets - CNS & Neurological Disorders) 24, 165 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715273318429240812094557
/content/journals/cnsnddt/10.2174/0118715273318429240812094557
/content/journals/cnsnddt/10.2174/0118715273318429240812094557
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  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): electroconvulsive therapy; L-Dopa efficacy; non-invasive neurotherapies; Parkinson's disease treatment; side effects; transcranial magnetic stimulation

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