Current Nanomaterials - Volume 7, Issue 3, 2022

The current progress in the field of nanotechnology with respect to biomedical and biotechnology is aimed at designing novel materials that have exclusive properties of nanoscale structures. The application of nano-structured materials into biomedical systems has received much attention due to their remarkable resolution in assisting diagnoses and treating medical difficulties. The variety of nanostructured materials produced could be easily controlled and manipulated. Moreover, they could be developed with new properties in a predictable manner, whereby the modified biological characteristic and functionalities are compatible with biomedical systems for various applications and purposes. All-inclusive, nanotechnology has an enormous impact on health care and is undeniably shaping the future pathway. This paper reviews research methods in nanotechnology developments, which convey benefits to the biomedical application on nano-network and communication, biosensor, nanoprobe, drug delivery system and nano implants.

Background: The wide use of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) has toxic effects on the human body affecting vital organs such as brain, liver and kidney. Therefore it is necessary to develop approaches to eradicate such health issues without compromising plus the potential benefits of the respective metallic nanoparticles including silver, gold, zinc, copper, etc. Objective: This study aimed to assess methods which can mutually reduce the nanotoxicity while retaining the therapeutic benefits of metal-based nanocarriers. Methods: The implementation of certain methods, such as the addition of chelating agents, providing protective coatings and surface modification during the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles can subsequently minimize metallic toxicity. Results: Through extensive and exhaustive literature survey it was proved that the above strategies are effective in reducing nanotoxic effects which can be further assessed by toxicity assessment tools as biochemistry, histopathology, etc. Conclusion: Metallic nanoparticles have emerged as a beneficial tool for treating various diseases such as cancer, hepatitis, etc. Scientists are also preserving their efficacy by escorting novel techniques for limiting its toxicity in the world of nanotechnology.

Diamond is a metastable carbon allotrope. Microdiamonds are monocrystalline diamonds with particle sizes of less than 100 nm that have been explored over the last few decades. Nanodiamonds are particularly appealing to provide a variety of possible applications due to their superior mechanical and optical qualities, wide surface area, ease of bioconjugation, and high biocompatibility. In recent years, NDs have gotten a lot of attention in nanomedicine, and some significant progress has been made. The methods for creating various kinds of nanodiamonds are generalized, including detonation, CVD, hydrothermal and High-Pressure, High-Temperature Microdiamond Milling procedures. The characteristics, properties, synthesis, structure and surface functionalization, and applications of nanodiamonds for antimicrobial activity are discussed in this review paper.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are small materials of sizes 1 to 100 nm and can be divided into different categories according to their properties, shapes, or sizes. They can be classified as metal nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, semiconductor nanoparticles, ceramics nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and lipid-based nanoparticles. The basic characteristics used while characterizing the nanoparticles are morphology, size, surface charge, and optical properties. SEM, environmental SEM (ESEM), tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and TEM are used to study the topography and morphology of nanoparticles. Spectral analysis is employed to check optical properties, while X-ray crystallography (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) are used for learning the fundamental properties of nanoparticles (NPs). This review will focus on the utilization of these techniques in the characterization of nanoparticles.

Aim: This work presents the study results related to the effect of multi-pulse electron beam and additional heating of the reaction mixture on the structural and morphological characteristics of the CuxOy/TiO2 nanocomposite prepared by the pulsed plasma-chemical method. Methods: The CuxOy/TiO2 nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results: It was found that an increase in the impact of a pulsed electron beam on the synthesized composite affected the degree of its agglomeration and the geometric mean particle diameter. Additional heating of the reaction mixture increased the geometric diameter of the synthesized particles (up to 200 nm). Conclusion: The phase composition of the CuxOy/TiO2 nanocomposite changed depending on the synthesis conditions.

Background: Phenolic compounds are generally found in different parts of various herbs and plants such as leaves, barks, seeds, fruits, etc. These compounds show numerous bioactive properties, including antioxidant characteristics. Phenolic compounds obtained from beneficial herbs and dietary plants include flavonoids and tannins. In recent times, nanoscience has proved to be extensively helpful in extracting bioactive components. Additionally, nanomaterials have made a considerable contribution to the development of methodical techniques to retain superiority in processing foods and medicines. Objective: Of late, the process of extraction of nano-bioactive composites from natural resources has gained significant interest as these composites are used in manufacturing a wide range of products such as foods, paints, and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, there is a requirement to separate natural products to identify new nano-bioactive compounds that have the potential to improve the developed techniques. Methods: This research focuses on optimizing the experimental parameters to extract the phenolic compounds from Ficus religiosa (banyan leaves) by the three-phase partitioning (TPP) method. TPP is an advanced method that is widely used for the extraction, concentration, and purification of various nano-based bioactive compounds and enzymes. Results: During the investigation, various experimental parameters have been studied to obtain the maximum concentration of phenolic compounds from the dried powder of the Ficus religiosa leaves. The optimised results were found to be as follows: 30% of ammonium sulphate, solute to the solvent in the ratio of 1:20 (v/v), and slurry to t-butanol in the ratio of 1:1. Conclusion: The experimental results showed that the TPP method is very efficient as it needs minimum time to complete the extraction compared to the conventional solvent-based stirred batch extraction method.

Aim: This work focuses on the different existing techniques for synthesis of nanomaterials, the selection of potential process for preparation of Co/Si and Co/Si/Co such that material with optimum characteristics may be obtained. Background: The process of synthesis plays a crucial role in physical properties and associated phenomena acquired by them, and hence is a deciding factor in various potential applications of the materials. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the properties of multi-layered cobalt silicide nanostructured thin films prepared by ion beam sputtering. Method: The cobalt silicide is selected for synthesis using IBS technique owing to vast scope of its application in manufacturing microelectronic devices. Result: The formation of nanostructured layers has been confirmed through XRD and XRR patterns. Conclusion: The role of substrate thickness, interface quality and crystalline structure is very important in deciding properties of multilayer nano-structured thin films.