Current Molecular Pharmacology - Volume 14, Issue 5, 2021

Background: Pain is often flammable, sharp and sometimes described as an electrical shock. It can be categorized in three different ways as nociceptive, neuropathic and inflammatory. Nociceptive pain always originates in specific situations such as in trauma. Neuropathic pain results in nerve damage. In inflammatory pain, inflammatory mediators are involved in the sensitization of nociceptors. It is important to control t Read More

Tissue cells of the eye are sensitive to oxidative stress, leading to oxidative damage and inflammation, which have crucial roles in the pathogenesis of most of the eye diseases. Moreover, factors such as age, angiogenesis, ischemia, genetic predisposition, diabetes, obesity, and smoking affect the onset and progression of ocular anomalies. Major eye diseases are either age-related such as age-related macular degeneration, ca Read More

Spinal cord injury (SCI) and associated pain and inflammation caused by trauma or infection are serious health care issues world-wide. The various inflammatory, redox-sensitive and apoptotic events are contributing factors, but altered neuronal function, axonal degeneration, activated microglia, endothelial cells, astrocytes, fibroblasts, pericytes, Schwann cells, and meningeal cells are major players in its pathogenesis. F Read More

Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the most common diseases of the musculoskeletal system, which greatly reduce the quality of life of people. In addition to non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs used in treatment, molecules isolated from natural sources are also considered as new options in the treatment of these inflammatory diseases. In this review, in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies on standardized rosehip ( Read More

Background: Numerous therapeutic agents are in clinical practice for the treatment of inflammatory and painful conditions, but their applications have been challenged by various side /toxic effects. Therefore, new effective and safe therapies are most warrant, for which medicinal plant could be a significant alternative. Berberis baluchistanica has traditionally been used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory without any scientific Read More

Background: Oriental planetree (Platanus orientalis L.) leaf was recorded as a remedy against inflammatory problems and to stop the pain, i.e. toothache or knee pain in “The Canon of Medicines” by Avicenna and was also being documented in the Iranian Traditional Medicine. Although such a utilization has not been described in reliable sources, recently use of its leaves as herbal tea has become popular among laypeople. Pr Read More

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the prominent forms of cancer in developed countries. Globally, the incidence of HCC is well correlated with fatty liver disease and cirrhosis; the underlying chronic inflammation and lipotoxicity are thought to drive the process of HCC. Several biochemical cycles and molecular pathways are associated. The review aims to summarize the role of PI3K/Akt signaling and its downstr Read More

Mycotoxins are defined as fungi that have negative effects on human health. The immune system of the organism is affected by mycotoxins first, and developmental problems, systemic diseases and death can be observed. Although this damage is important for all individuals, due to immaturity of the developmental areas, weak immune system and vulnerability against external factors, it can seriously affect children Read More

Cardiac fibrosis is a maladaptive condition secondary to cardiomyopathy caused by a wide spectrum of stimuli, including myocardial infarction (MI), pressure overload, hyperglycemia, aging, and other factors. Despite having been supposed to be a reparative mechanism, the development of cardiac fibrosis can result in undesirable outcomes like the disruption of excitation-contraction coupling and ventricular hypertrophy, lea Read More

Most of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins have E3 ubiquitin ligase activities and also have a variety of functions in cellular processes such as intracellular signal transduction, apoptosis, innate immunity, and carcinogenesis. TRIM65 is a member of the TRIM family. More pieces of evidence have shown a unique role and importance of TRIM65 protein in the occurrence and development of some diseases. In this review, the i Read More

Background: Medicinal plants and herbal preparations in the form of traditional medicines have been used in healthcare worldwide. The extracts of Ginkgo biloba L. seeds and leaves contain a complex mixture of numerous components, such as flavonol glycosides, terpene lactones, and a group of alkylphenols (anacardic or ginkgolic acids, cardanols and cardols) that have been a part of traditional Chinese medicine. These extrac Read More

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a severe brain and spinal cord condition with a diverse autoimmune response and a wide variety of demyelination symptoms that primarily affect young adults. The primary reason for this disease is inflammation of white and grey matter caused by increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, which further damages the progenitor oligodendrocytes and appears to induce hypertrophy of Read More

The recent developments in epigenetics have shown a very important role of epigenetic changes in cancer initiation, development, and progression. Some of the important histone modifications shown to occur are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, citrullination, sumoylation, ADP ribosylation, deamination, ubiquitination, formylation, O-GlcNAcylation, propionylation, butyrylation, proline isomerization, and croto Read More

Background and Objective: Exposure to mycotoxins may delay and/or negatively influence the development of neurological, gastrointestinal and inflammatory mechanisms in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Therefore, there is a need to address the possible links between mycotoxins and the risk and prevalence of ASD to increase the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying these links. In thi Read More

Background: Androgens potentially have an important role in the biology of breast cancer, particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Androgen receptor (AR) may offer a novel therapeutic strategy, including the use of microRNA (miRNA) molecules. We have previously shown that AR agonist, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), increases the expression of miR-328-3p in the TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells. One target of the latter Read More

Background: Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), a leading chronic hepatic disease, affects an increasing number of people, and no effective drugs for the treatment of AFLD are available. Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) can inhibit AFLD, but its mechanisms and the effective compound in AC are unknown. Objective: We aimed to explore the anti-AFLD mechanism of AC and the active compound within AC. Methods: Wild-type (WT) Read More

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common side effects of diabetes. We aimed to investigate the effects of crocin and crocetin (as a deglycosylated form of crocin in blood stream) in gene expression or protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor-receptor1 (VEGFR-1), matrix metalloproteinases2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinases9 (MMP-9) and t Read More

Background: Age-dependent toxic effects of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) have not been fully understood. The current study aimed to investigate the cardiotoxic damage of chlorpyrifos (CPF) by evaluating oxidative modifications in young (2-month old), middle-aged (10- month old), and aged (20-month old) rats. Objective: Five mg/kg of CPF was administered orally for 45 days to young, middle-aged, and aged male Read More

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 6th prevalent cancer and the 4th leading cause of cancer-related deaths all over the world. A major challenge for sorafenib, the standard chemotherapeutic agent in HCC treatment, is the chemo-resistance. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the role of dantrolene as a possible antineoplastic agent in HCC, and in chemo-sensitization of sorafenib via targe Read More