Cruzipain, the Major Cysteine Protease of Trypanosoma cruzi: A Sulfated Glycoprotein Antigen as Relevant Candidate for Vaccine Development and Drug Target. A Review

This review aims to present different aspects related to cruzipain, one of the most important proteins of the etiological agent of Chagas disease that has been extensively studied in the last two decades, including all the particularities of the molecule as well as to highlight its participation in multiple relevant functions of the parasite to favour the cell invasion phenomena, to facilitate host tissues proteolytic degradation and to trigger the evasion mechanism from host immune response. Cruzipain has been related with parasite metabolism and identified as both an important candidate for vaccine development and for trypanocidal drug design. We have reported for the first time that this enzyme is a sulfated glycoprotein. Indeed, the sulfated oligosaccharides are main targets for immune responses and are involved in tissue damage in mice immunized in absence of infection contributing to get deeper into the knowledge of the molecule composition and helping to elucidate its role in the infection and/or pathogenesis of the disease. A whole view including all the aspects related to the major cysteine proteinase of Trypanosoma cruzi studied so far including recent advances as proteinase, antigen and glycoprotein will be discussed.