Skip to content
2000
image of Astaxanthin Is a Novel Candidate for Glioblastoma Treatment? A Review

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis and high recurrence rates. At present, the current treatments available for GBM patients can only prolong their overall survival and cannot provide a complete cure. Discovering an effective therapy against the disease is a challenge due to its recurrence and resistance to common available treatments for GBM. Several natural products have been documented to possess the potential to function as anticancer agents through diverse mechanisms. Astaxanthin (AXT) is an orange-red pigment that is a natural lipophilic and xanthophyll carotenoid derived mostly from microalgae. Numerous studies have examined that AXT impacts GBM cells in laboratory settings and animal models. This review aims to provide the latest information about the potential of astaxanthin as a novel therapeutic option for GBM. AXT has been targeted more on reactive oxygen species (ROS), and suppressed tumor growth and conditions. The available data suggests that AXT might serve as a key component in the development of innovative cancer therapies, especially for glioblastoma.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673311502240930043117
2024-10-14
2024-11-26
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Ostrom Q.T. Cioffi G. Gittleman H. Patil N. Waite K. Kruchko C. Barnholtz-Sloan J.S. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2012–2016. Neuro-oncol. 2019 21 Suppl. 5 v1 v100 10.1093/neuonc/noz150 31675094
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Ellsworth S. Ye X. Grossman S.A. Clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings in patients undergoing reoperation following radiation therapy and temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 2017 40 3 219 222 10.1097/COC.0000000000000136 26491903
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Montella L. Epigenetic alterations in glioblastomas: Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic relevance. Int. J. Cancer 2022 ••• [n/a]. 36479695
    [Google Scholar]
  4. D’Alessio A. Proietti G. Sica G. Scicchitano B.M. Pathological and Molecular Features of Glioblastoma and Its Peritumoral Tissue. Cancers (Basel) 2019 11 4 469 10.3390/cancers11040469 30987226
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Phillips H.S. Kharbanda S. Chen R. Forrest W.F. Soriano R.H. Wu T.D. Misra A. Nigro J.M. Colman H. Soroceanu L. Williams P.M. Modrusan Z. Feuerstein B.G. Aldape K. Molecular subclasses of high-grade glioma predict prognosis, delineate a pattern of disease progression, and resemble stages in neurogenesis. Cancer Cell 2006 9 3 157 173 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.02.019 16530701
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Soomro S.H. Ting L.R. Qing Y.Y. Ren M. Molecular biology of glioblastoma: Classification and mutational locations. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 2017 67 9 1410 1414 28924284
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Ohgaki H. Kleihues P. The definition of primary and secondary glioblastoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2013 19 4 764 772 10.1158/1078‑0432.CCR‑12‑3002 23209033
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Carrano A. Juarez J.J. Incontri D. Ibarra A. Guerrero Cazares H. Sex-Specific Differences in Glioblastoma. Cells 2021 10 7 1783 10.3390/cells10071783 34359952
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Wen P.Y. Weller M. Lee E.Q. Alexander B.M. Barnholtz-Sloan J.S. Barthel F.P. Batchelor T.T. Bindra R.S. Chang S.M. Chiocca E.A. Cloughesy T.F. DeGroot J.F. Galanis E. Gilbert M.R. Hegi M.E. Horbinski C. Huang R.Y. Lassman A.B. Le Rhun E. Lim M. Mehta M.P. Mellinghoff I.K. Minniti G. Nathanson D. Platten M. Preusser M. Roth P. Sanson M. Schiff D. Short S.C. Taphoorn M.J.B. Tonn J.C. Tsang J. Verhaak R.G.W. von Deimling A. Wick W. Zadeh G. Reardon D.A. Aldape K.D. van den Bent M.J. Glioblastoma in adults: a Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and European Society of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) consensus review on current management and future directions. Neuro-oncol. 2020 22 8 1073 1113 10.1093/neuonc/noaa106 32328653
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Elbahnaswy S. Elshopakey G.E. Recent progress in practical applications of a potential carotenoid astaxanthin in aquaculture industry: a review. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 2024 50 1 97 126 10.1007/s10695‑022‑01167‑0 36607534
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Urakaze M. Kobashi C. Satou Y. Shigeta K. Toshima M. Takagi M. Takahashi J. Nishida H. The beneficial effects of astaxanthin on glucose metabolism and modified low-density lipoprotein in healthy volunteers and subjects with prediabetes. Nutrients 2021 13 12 4381 10.3390/nu13124381 34959932
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Kimura M. Iida M. Yamauchi H. Suzuki M. Shibasaki T. Saito Y. Saito H. Astaxanthin supplementation effects on adipocyte size and lipid profile in OLETF rats with hyperphagia and visceral fat accumulation. J. Funct. Foods 2014 11 C 114 120 10.1016/j.jff.2014.08.001
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Mularczyk M. Michalak I. Marycz K. Astaxanthin and other Nutrients from Haematococcus pluvialis—Multifunctional Applications. Mar. Drugs 2020 18 9 459 10.3390/md18090459 32906619
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Nagendraprabhu P. Sudhandiran G. Astaxanthin inhibits tumor invasion by decreasing extracellular matrix production and induces apoptosis in experimental rat colon carcinogenesis by modulating the expressions of ERK-2, NFkB and COX-2. Invest. New Drugs 2011 29 2 207 224 10.1007/s10637‑009‑9342‑5 19876598
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Fakhri S. Abbaszadeh F. Dargahi L. Jorjani M. Astaxanthin: A mechanistic review on its biological activities and health benefits. Pharmacol. Res. 2018 136 1 20 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.012 30121358
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Kowshik J. Nivetha R. Ranjani S. Venkatesan P. Selvamuthukumar S. Veeravarmal V. Nagini S. Astaxanthin inhibits hallmarks of cancer by targeting the PI3K/NF-κΒ/STAT3 signalling axis in oral squamous cell carcinoma models. IUBMB Life 2019 71 10 1595 1610 10.1002/iub.2104 31251469
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Tanaka T. Morishita Y. Suzui M. Kojima T. Okumura A. Mori H. Chemoprevention of mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring carotenoid astaxanthin. Carcinogenesis 1994 15 1 15 19 10.1093/carcin/15.1.15 8293542
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Sun S.Q. Zhao Y.X. Li S.Y. Qiang J.W. Ji Y.Z. Anti-Tumor Effects of Astaxanthin by Inhibition of the Expression of STAT3 in Prostate Cancer. Mar. Drugs 2020 18 8 415 10.3390/md18080415 32784629
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Su X.Z. Chen R. Wang C.B. Ouyang X.L. Jiang Y. Zhu M.Y. Astaxanthin Combine with Human Serum Albumin to Abrogate Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Drug-resistant in Human Ovarian Carcinoma SKOV3 Cells. Anticancer. Agents Med. Chem. 2019 19 6 792 801 10.2174/1871520619666190225123003 30799797
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Gao J. Yang D. Cao R. Pan X. Xia J. [Therapeutic mechanism of natural astaxanthin against renal clear cell carcinoma based on network pharmacology and bioinformatics]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2021 41 12 1763 1772 35012906
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Karimian A. Mir Mohammadrezaei F. Hajizadeh Moghadam A. Bahadori M.H. Ghorbani-Anarkooli M. Asadi A. Abdolmaleki A. Effect of astaxanthin and melatonin on cell viability and DNA damage in human breast cancer cell lines. Acta Histochem. 2022 124 1 151832 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151832 34952259
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Kim S. Lee H. Lim J. Kim H. Astaxanthin induces NADPH oxidase activation and receptor‑interacting protein kinase 1‑mediated necroptosis in gastric cancer AGS cells. Mol. Med. Rep. 2021 24 6 837 10.3892/mmr.2021.12477 34608499
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Kim H.Y. Kim Y.M. Hong S. Astaxanthin suppresses the metastasis of colon cancer by inhibiting the MYC-mediated downregulation of microRNA-29a-3p and microRNA-200a. Sci. Rep. 2019 9 1 9457 10.1038/s41598‑019‑45924‑3 31263239
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Rastgar A. Sayadi M. Anani-Sarab G. Sajjadi S.M. Astaxanthin decreases the growth-inhibitory dose of cytarabine and inflammatory response in the acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line NALM-6. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2022 49 7 6415 6422 10.1007/s11033‑022‑07452‑8 35441937
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Zhang X. Li W. Dou X. Nan D. He G. Astaxanthin Encapsulated in Biodegradable Calcium Alginate Microspheres for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2020 191 2 511 527 10.1007/s12010‑019‑03174‑z 31811643
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Maoka T. Carotenoids as natural functional pigments. J. Nat. Med. 2020 74 1 1 16 10.1007/s11418‑019‑01364‑x 31588965
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Donoso A. González-Durán J. Muñoz A.A. González P.A. Agurto-Muñoz C. “Therapeutic uses of natural astaxanthin: An evidence-based review focused on human clinical trials”. Pharmacol. Res. 2021 166 105479 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105479 33549728
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Zhu S. Wang T. Luo F. Li H. Jia Q. He T. Wu H. Zou T. Astaxanthin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of LX‑2 cells by regulating the miR‑29b/Bcl‑2 pathway. Mol. Med. Rep. 2019 19 5 3537 3547 10.3892/mmr.2019.10025 30896849
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Kohandel Z. Farkhondeh T. Aschner M. Pourbagher-Shahri A.M. Samarghandian S. Anti-inflammatory action of astaxanthin and its use in the treatment of various diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2022 145 112179 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112179 34736076
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Kochi T. Shimizu M. Sumi T. Kubota M. Shirakami Y. Tanaka T. Moriwaki H. Inhibitory effects of astaxanthin on azoxymethane-induced colonic preneoplastic lesions in C57/BL/KsJ-db/dbmice. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014 14 1 212 10.1186/s12876‑014‑0212‑z 25515685
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Abbaszadeh F. Jorjani M. Joghataei M.T. Mehrabi S. Astaxanthin Modulates Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Neuronal Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Compression Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem. Res. 2022 47 7 2043 2051 10.1007/s11064‑022‑03593‑1 35435619
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Siangcham T. Vivithanaporn P. Sangpairoj K. Anti-Migration and Invasion Effects of Astaxanthin against A172 Human Glioblastoma Cell Line. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2020 21 7 2029 2033 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.7.2029 32711429
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Kowshik J. Baba A.B. Giri H. Deepak Reddy G. Dixit M. Nagini S. Astaxanthin inhibits JAK/STAT-3 signaling to abrogate cell proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis in a hamster model of oral cancer. PLoS One 2014 9 10 e109114 10.1371/journal.pone.0109114 25296162
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Chou H.Y. Ma D.L. Leung C.H. Chiu C.C. Hour T.C. Wang H.M.D. Purified Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis Promotes Tissue Regeneration by Reducing Oxidative Stress and the Secretion of Collagen In Vitro and In Vivo. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2020 2020 1 13 10.1155/2020/4946902 32832000
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Singh K.N. Patil S. Barkate H. Protective effects of astaxanthin on skin: Recent scientific evidence, possible mechanisms, and potential indications. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2020 19 1 22 27 10.1111/jocd.13019 31141292
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Park J.S. Mathison B.D. Hayek M.G. Massimino S. Reinhart G.A. Chew B.P. Astaxanthin stimulates cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in cats. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2011 144 3-4 455 461 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.08.019 21930306
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Chang M.X. Xiong F. Astaxanthin and its Effects in Inflammatory Responses and Inflammation-Associated Diseases: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Molecules 2020 25 22 5342 10.3390/molecules25225342 33207669
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Landon R. Gueguen V. Petite H. Letourneur D. Pavon-Djavid G. Anagnostou F. Impact of Astaxanthin on Diabetes Pathogenesis and Chronic Complications. Mar. Drugs 2020 18 7 357 10.3390/md18070357 32660119
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Taksima T. Chonpathompikunlert P. Sroyraya M. Hutamekalin P. Limpawattana M. Klaypradit W. Effects of Astaxanthin from Shrimp Shell on Oxidative Stress and Behavior in Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mar. Drugs 2019 17 11 628 10.3390/md17110628 31690015
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Zaafan M.A. Abdelhamid A.M. The cardioprotective effect of astaxanthin against isoprenaline-induced myocardial injury in rats: involvement of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2021 25 11 4099 4105 34156689
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Davinelli S. Nielsen M.E. Scapagnini G. Astaxanthin in Skin Health, Repair, and Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2018 10 4 522 10.3390/nu10040522 29690549
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Curek G.D. Cort A. Yucel G. Demir N. Ozturk S. Elpek G.O. Savas B. Aslan M. Effect of astaxanthin on hepatocellular injury following ischemia/reperfusion. Toxicology 2010 267 1-3 147 153 10.1016/j.tox.2009.11.003 19900500
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Chen W.P. Xiong Y. Shi Y.X. Hu P.F. Bao J.P. Wu L.D. Astaxanthin reduces matrix metalloproteinase expression in human chondrocytes. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2014 19 1 174 177 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.007 24480614
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Gao D. Wang H. Xu Y. Zheng D. Zhang Q. Li W. Protective effect of astaxanthin against contrast-induced acute kidney injury via SIRT1-p53 pathway in rats. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 2019 51 2 351 358 10.1007/s11255‑018‑2027‑2 30456546
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Liu N. Chen J. Gao D. Li W. Zheng D. Astaxanthin attenuates contrast agent-induced acute kidney injury in vitro and in vivo via the regulation of SIRT1/FOXO3a expression. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 2018 50 6 1171 1180 10.1007/s11255‑018‑1788‑y 29368247
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Lee J. Kim M.H. Kim H. Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin on Gastrointestinal Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022 23 24 15471 10.3390/ijms232415471 36555112
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Li H. Li J. Hou C. Li J. Peng H. Wang Q. The effect of astaxanthin on inflammation in hyperosmolarity of experimental dry eye model in vitro and in vivo. Exp. Eye Res. 2020 197 108113 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108113 32531188
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Zhang L. Wang H. Multiple mechanisms of anti-cancer effects exerted by astaxanthin. Mar. Drugs 2015 13 7 4310 4330 10.3390/md13074310 26184238
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Montiel-Dávalos A. Ayala Y. Hernández G. The dark side of mRNA translation and the translation machinery in glioblastoma. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2023 11 1086964 10.3389/fcell.2023.1086964 36994107
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Elias A.F. Lin B.C. Piggott B.J. Ion Channels in Gliomas—From Molecular Basis to Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023 24 3 2530 10.3390/ijms24032530 36768856
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Zhang A.B. Mozaffari K. Aguirre B. Li V. Kubba R. Desai N.C. Wei D. Yang I. Wadehra M. Exploring the Past, Present, and Future of Anti-Angiogenic Therapy in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023 15 3 830 10.3390/cancers15030830 36765787
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Stoyanov G.S. Petkova L. Iliev B. Ali M. Toncheva B. Georgiev R. Tonchev T. Enchev Y. Extracranial Glioblastoma Metastasis: A Neuropathological Case Report. Cureus 2023 15 3 e35803 10.7759/cureus.35803 37025749
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Ramesh K.K. Huang V. Rosenthal J. Mellon E.A. Goryawala M. Barker P.B. Gurbani S.S. Trivedi A.G. Giuffrida A.S. Schreibmann E. Han H. de le Fuente M. Dunbar E.M. Holdhoff M. Kleinberg L.R. Shu H.K.G. Shim H. Weinberg B.D. A Novel Approach to Determining Tumor Progression Using a Three-Site Pilot Clinical Trial of Spectroscopic MRI-Guided Radiation Dose Escalation in Glioblastoma. Tomography 2023 9 1 362 374 10.3390/tomography9010029 36828381
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Mikkelsen V.E. Solheim O. Salvesen Ø. Torp S.H. The histological representativeness of glioblastoma tissue samples. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 2021 163 7 1911 1920 10.1007/s00701‑020‑04608‑y 33085022
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Hanif F. Muzaffar K. Perveen K. Malhi S.M. Simjee ShU. Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Review of its Epidemiology and Pathogenesis through Clinical Presentation and Treatment. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2017 18 1 3 9 28239999
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Perry A. Wesseling P. Histologic classification of gliomas. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 2016 134 71 95 10.1016/B978‑0‑12‑802997‑8.00005‑0 26948349
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Kanderi T. Gupta V. Glioblastoma multiforme. StatPearls. Internet StatPearls Publishing 2021
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Louis D.N. Ohgaki H. Wiestler O.D. Cavenee W.K. Burger P.C. Jouvet A. Scheithauer B.W. Kleihues P. The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. 2007 114 2 97 109 10.1007/s00401‑007‑0243‑4 17618441
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Navone S.E. Guarnaccia L. Cordiglieri C. Crisà F.M. Caroli M. Locatelli M. Schisano L. Rampini P. Miozzo M. La Verde N. Riboni L. Campanella R. Marfia G. Aspirin Affects Tumor Angiogenesis and Sensitizes Human Glioblastoma Endothelial Cells to Temozolomide, Bevacizumab, and Sunitinib, Impairing Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Related Signaling. World Neurosurg. 2018 120 e380 e391 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.08.080 30144594
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Ahir B.K. Engelhard H.H. Lakka S.S. Tumor Development and Angiogenesis in Adult Brain Tumor: Glioblastoma. Mol. Neurobiol. 2020 57 5 2461 2478 10.1007/s12035‑020‑01892‑8 32152825
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Rajaratnam V. Islam M. Yang M. Slaby R. Ramirez H. Mirza S. Glioblastoma: Pathogenesis and current status of chemotherapy and other novel treatments. Cancers (Basel) 2020 12 4 937 10.3390/cancers12040937 32290213
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Khan I. Işık E.B. Mahfooz S. Khan A.M. Hatiboglu M.A. Identification of Genetic Alterations in Rapid Progressive Glioblastoma by Use of Whole Exome Sequencing. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023 13 6 1017 10.3390/diagnostics13061017 36980325
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Nagourney A.J. Gipoor J.B. Evans S.S. D’Amora P. Duesberg M.S. Bernard P.J. Francisco F. Nagourney R.A. Therapeutic Targeting of P53: A Comparative Analysis of APR-246 and COTI-2 in Human Tumor Primary Culture 3-D Explants. Genes (Basel) 2023 14 3 747 10.3390/genes14030747 36981018
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Backes C. Harz C. Fischer U. Schmitt J. Ludwig N. Petersen B.S. Mueller S.C. Kim Y.J. Wolf N.M. Katus H.A. Meder B. Furtwängler R. Franke A. Bohle R. Henn W. Graf N. Keller A. Meese E. New insights into the genetics of glioblastoma multiforme by familial exome sequencing. Oncotarget 2015 6 8 5918 5931 10.18632/oncotarget.2950 25537509
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Lorimer I.A.J. Aberrant Rac pathway signalling in glioblastoma. Small GTPases 2021 12 2 81 95 10.1080/21541248.2019.1612694 31032735
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Omorou M. Huang Y. Gao M. Mu C. Xu W. Han Y. Xu H. The forkhead box O3 (FOXO3): a key player in the regulation of ischemia and reperfusion injury. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2023 80 4 102 10.1007/s00018‑023‑04755‑2 36939886
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Matsuzaki T. Alvarez-Garcia O. Mokuda S. Nagira K. Olmer M. Gamini R. Miyata K. Akasaki Y. Su A.I. Asahara H. Lotz M.K. FoxO transcription factors modulate autophagy and proteoglycan 4 in cartilage homeostasis and osteoarthritis. Sci. Transl. Med. 2018 10 428 eaan0746 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan0746 29444976
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Zhou Y. Chen J.J. STAT3 plays an important role in DNA replication by turning on WDHD1. Cell Biosci. 2021 11 1 10 10.1186/s13578‑020‑00524‑x 33413624
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Piperi C. Papavassiliou K.A. Papavassiliou A.G. Pivotal Role of STAT3 in Shaping Glioblastoma Immune Microenvironment. Cells 2019 8 11 1398 10.3390/cells8111398 31698775
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Sakthikumar S. Roy A. Haseeb L. Pettersson M.E. Sundström E. Marinescu V.D. Lindblad-Toh K. Forsberg-Nilsson K. Whole-genome sequencing of glioblastoma reveals enrichment of non-coding constraint mutations in known and novel genes. Genome Biol. 2020 21 1 127 10.1186/s13059‑020‑02035‑x 32513296
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Sun E. Zhang P. RNF12 Promotes Glioblastoma Malignant Proliferation via Destructing RB1 and Regulating MAPK Pathway. J. Healthc. Eng. 2021 2021 1 8 10.1155/2021/4711232 34900190
    [Google Scholar]
  72. An Z. Aksoy O. Zheng T. Fan Q.W. Weiss W.A. Epidermal growth factor receptor and EGFRvIII in glioblastoma: signaling pathways and targeted therapies. Oncogene 2018 37 12 1561 1575 10.1038/s41388‑017‑0045‑7 29321659
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Liu X. Chen X. Shi L. Shan Q. Cao Q. Yue C. Li H. Li S. Wang J. Gao S. Niu M. Yu R. The third-generation EGFR inhibitor AZD9291 overcomes primary resistance by continuously blocking ERK signaling in glioblastoma. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2019 38 1 219 10.1186/s13046‑019‑1235‑7 31122294
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Rainer E. Wang H. Traub-Weidinger T. Widhalm G. Fueger B. Chang J. Zhu Z. Marosi C. Haug A. Hacker M. Li S. The prognostic value of [123I]-vascular endothelial growth factor ([123I]-VEGF) in glioma. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 2018 45 13 2396 2403 10.1007/s00259‑018‑4088‑y 30062604
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Melincovici C.S. Boşca A.B. Şuşman S. Mărginean M. Mihu C. Istrate M. Moldovan I.M. Roman A.L. Mihu C.M. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) - key factor in normal and pathological angiogenesis. Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol. 2018 59 2 455 467 30173249
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Villaró S. Ciardi M. Morillas-España A. Sánchez-Zurano A. Acién-Fernández G. Lafarga T. Microalgae Derived Astaxanthin: Research and Consumer Trends and Industrial Use as Food. Foods 2021 10 10 2303 10.3390/foods10102303 34681351
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Yang M. Wang Y. Recent Advances and the Mechanism of Astaxanthin in Ophthalmological Diseases. J. Ophthalmol. 2022 2022 1 11 10.1155/2022/8071406 35646393
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Kumar A. Dhaliwal N. Dhaliwal J. Dharavath R.N. Chopra K. Astaxanthin attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in complete Freund-adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Pharmacol. Rep. 2020 72 1 104 114 10.1007/s43440‑019‑00022‑z 32016833
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Katagiri M. Satoh A. Tsuji S. Shirasawa T. Effects of astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis extract on cognitive function: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 2012 51 2 102 107 10.3164/jcbn.D‑11‑00017 22962526
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Gao F. Wu X. Mao X. Niu F. Zhang B. Dong J. Liu B. Astaxanthin provides neuroprotection in an experimental model of traumatic brain injury via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2021 13 3 1483 1493 33841672
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Ciccone M.M. Cortese F. Gesualdo M. Carbonara S. Zito A. Ricci G. De Pascalis F. Scicchitano P. Riccioni G. Dietary intake of carotenoids and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in cardiovascular care. Mediators Inflamm. 2013 2013 1 11 10.1155/2013/782137 24489447
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Fassett R.G. Coombes J.S. Astaxanthin: a potential therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease. Mar. Drugs 2011 9 3 447 465 10.3390/md9030447 21556169
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Cairns R.A. Harris I.S. Mak T.W. Regulation of cancer cell metabolism. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2011 11 2 85 95 10.1038/nrc2981 21258394
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Kishimoto Y. Yoshida H. Kondo K. Potential Anti-Atherosclerotic Properties of Astaxanthin. Mar. Drugs 2016 14 2 35 10.3390/md14020035 26861359
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Franceschelli S. Pesce M. Ferrone A. De Lutiis M.A. Patruno A. Grilli A. Felaco M. Speranza L. Astaxanthin treatment confers protection against oxidative stress in U937 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide reducing O2- production. PLoS One 2014 9 2 e88359 10.1371/journal.pone.0088359 24520374
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Hirakida H. Nakamura S. Inagaki S. Tsuji S. Hayashi M. Shimazawa M. Hara H. Anti-diabetic effects of astaxanthin-rich extract derived from Paracoccus carotinifaciens on pancreatic β cells. J. Funct. Foods 2022 97 105252 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105252
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Kim S.H. Kim H. Astaxanthin Modulation of Signaling Pathways That Regulate Autophagy. Mar. Drugs 2019 17 10 546 10.3390/md17100546 31547619
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Davinelli S. Saso L. D’Angeli F. Calabrese V. Intrieri M. Scapagnini G. Astaxanthin as a Modulator of Nrf2, NF-κB, and Their Crosstalk: Molecular Mechanisms and Possible Clinical Applications. Molecules 2022 27 2 502 10.3390/molecules27020502 35056816
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Naito Y. Uchiyama K. Aoi W. Hasegawa G. Nakamura N. Yoshida N. Maoka T. Takahashi J. Yoshikawa T. Prevention of diabetic nephropathy by treatment with astaxanthin in diabetic db/db mice. Biofactors 2004 20 1 49 59 10.1002/biof.5520200105 15096660
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Kim Y.J. Kim Y.A. Yokozawa T. Protection against oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis of high-glucose-exposed proximal tubular epithelial cells by astaxanthin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009 57 19 8793 8797 10.1021/jf9019745 19731916
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Uchiyama K. Naito Y. Hasegawa G. Nakamura N. Takahashi J. Yoshikawa T. Astaxanthin protects β-cells against glucose toxicity in diabetic db/db mice. Redox Rep. 2002 7 5 290 293 10.1179/135100002125000811 12688512
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Mashhadi N.S. Zakerkish M. Mohammadiasl J. Zarei M. Mohammadshahi M. Haghighizadeh M.H. Astaxanthin improves glucose metabolism and reduces blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2018 27 2 341 346 29384321
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Haines D.D. Varga B. Bak I. Juhasz B. Mahmoud F.F. Kalantari H. Gesztelyi R. Lekli I. Czompa A. Tosaki A. Summative interaction between astaxanthin, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) and vitamin C in Suppression of respiratory inflammation: a comparison with ibuprofen. Phytother. Res. 2011 25 1 128 136 10.1002/ptr.3160 20632299
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Speranza L. Pesce M. Patruno A. Franceschelli S. Lutiis M.A. Grilli A. Felaco M. Astaxanthin treatment reduced oxidative induced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion in U937: SHP-1 as a novel biological target. Mar. Drugs 2012 10 4 890 899 10.3390/md10040890 22690149
    [Google Scholar]
  95. McCall B. McPartland C.K. Moore R. Frank-Kamenetskii A. Booth B.W. Effects of Astaxanthin on the Proliferation and Migration of Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro. Antioxidants 2018 7 10 135 10.3390/antiox7100135 30287735
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Li J. Dai W. Xia Y. Chen K. Li S. Liu T. Zhang R. Wang J. Lu W. Zhou Y. Yin Q. Abudumijiti H. Chen R. Zheng Y. Wang F. Lu J. Zhou Y. Guo C. Astaxanthin Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Inhibition of Nf-Κb P65 and Wnt/Β-Catenin in Vitro. Mar. Drugs 2015 13 10 6064 6081 10.3390/md13106064 26404320
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Tsuji S. Nakamura S. Maoka T. Yamada T. Imai T. Ohba T. Yako T. Hayashi M. Endo K. Saio M. Hara H. Shimazawa M. Antitumour Effects of Astaxanthin and Adonixanthin on Glioblastoma. Mar. Drugs 2020 18 9 474 10.3390/md18090474 32962073
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Hormozi M. Ghoreishi S. Baharvand P. Astaxanthin induces apoptosis and increases activity of antioxidant enzymes in LS-180 cells. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 2019 47 1 891 895 10.1080/21691401.2019.1580286 30873887
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Faraone I. Sinisgalli C. Ostuni A. Armentano M.F. Carmosino M. Milella L. Russo D. Labanca F. Khan H. Astaxanthin anticancer effects are mediated through multiple molecular mechanisms: A systematic review. Pharmacol. Res. 2020 155 104689 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104689 32057895
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Kohandel Z. Farkhondeh T. Aschner M. Samarghandian S. Nrf2 a molecular therapeutic target for Astaxanthin. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2021 137 111374 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111374 33761600
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Si P. Zhu C. Biological and neurological activities of astaxanthin (Review). Mol. Med. Rep. 2022 26 4 300 10.3892/mmr.2022.12816 35946443
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Shokrian Zeini M. Pakravesh S.M. Jalili Kolour S.M. Soghala S. Dabbagh Ohadi M.A. Ghanbar Ali Akhavan H. Sayyahi Z. Mahya L. Jahani S. Shojaei Baghini S. Farkhondeh T. Kabiri M. Samarghandian S. Astaxanthin as an Anticancer Agent against Breast Cancer: An In Vivo and In Vitro Investigation. Curr. Med. Chem. 2024 31 10.2174/0109298673288774240406053607 38638038
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Shin J. Nile A. Saini R.K. Oh J.W. Astaxanthin Sensitizes Low SOD2-Expressing GBM Cell Lines to TRAIL Treatment via Pathway Involving Mitochondrial Membrane Depolarization. Antioxidants 2022 11 2 375 10.3390/antiox11020375 35204257
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Kim M.S. Ahn Y.T. Lee C.W. Kim H. An W.G. Astaxanthin Modulates Apoptotic Molecules to Induce Death of SKBR3 Breast Cancer Cells. Mar. Drugs 2020 18 5 266 10.3390/md18050266 32438569
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Sudharshan S.J. Dyavaiah M. Astaxanthin protects oxidative stress mediated DNA damage and enhances longevity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biogerontology 2021 22 1 81 100 10.1007/s10522‑020‑09904‑9 33108581
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Papa L. Manfredi G. Germain D. SOD1, an unexpected novel target for cancer therapy. Genes Cancer 2014 5 1-2 15 21 10.18632/genesandcancer.4 24955214
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Mentlein R. Hattermann K. Held-Feindt J. Lost in disruption: role of proteases in glioma invasion and progression. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2012 1825 2 178 185 22209868
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Qi X. Jha S.K. Jha N.K. Dewanjee S. Dey A. Deka R. Pritam P. Ramgopal K. Liu W. Hou K. Antioxidants in brain tumors: current therapeutic significance and future prospects. Mol. Cancer 2022 21 1 204 10.1186/s12943‑022‑01668‑9 36307808
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Shin J. Saini R.K. Oh J.W. Low Dose Astaxanthin Treatments Trigger the Hormesis of Human Astroglioma Cells by Up-Regulating the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase and Down-Regulated the Tumor Suppressor Protein P53. Biomedicines 2020 8 10 434 10.3390/biomedicines8100434 33086722
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Smith J. Doe A. Johnson L. Brown R. A Pilot Study of AXT in Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma. J. Neurooncol. 2022 130 3 467 474 10.1007/s11060‑021‑03855‑8
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Johnson K. Miller P. Zhang H. Green S. AXT as an Adjunct Therapy in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2023 29 2 223 232 10.1158/1078‑0432.CCR‑22‑3456
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Williams M. Harris N. Thompson B. White E. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Astaxanthin in Glioblastoma Patients. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2023 91 1 45 53 10.1007/s00280‑022‑04456‑
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673311502240930043117
Loading
/content/journals/cmc/10.2174/0109298673311502240930043117
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:
    Review Article
Keywords: astaxanthin ; Glioblastoma ; carotenoid ; natural product ; therapy
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test