Current Drug Targets - Volume 21, Issue 4, 2020

Spinal tuberculosis is a common manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and osteoarticular tuberculosis. Common clinical manifestations include constitutional symptoms, back pain, spinal tenderness, paraplegia, and spinal deformities. They are the common causes of paralysis and could increase the mortality in patients. Most cases of spinal tuberculosis remaining undiagnosed, and early clinical symptoms and imagi Read More

Although studies have established the role of integrins in bone homeostasis, especially in osteoclastogenesis, and these molecules are novel and promising therapeutic drug targets for bone loss diseases, such as: osteolysis, the cellular mechanism still elusive. Bone homeostasis takes place through the interaction of bone cells (osteoblasts and osteoclast) via the activation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which i Read More

Inflammation is the most common pathology in many orthopedic diseases, such as: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA) and other reasons caused osteolysis. The leading factor of inflammation was considered as the differentiation of monocyte and the polarization of macrophage. However, cytokines and different cell models could regulate this progress in some aspects. Therefore, in the current review, we summar Read More

Millions of people, especially for the aging people, are suffered by bone-loss diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoporosis. Therefore, better understanding the involved mechanisms of bone metabolism is required for further treat on such diseases. Particularly, during the pathological process of bone losing, RANKL as a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, could induce osteoclast pre Read More

Osteoclasts are originated from monocytic precursors of the hematopoietic lineage. Regulation of gene expression by transcription factors is one of the major mechanisms for controlling cellular functions. This is particularly important in the process of osteoclast production. As a main regulatory transcriptional factor, nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) plays a significant role in osteoclast differentiation. Altho Read More

The existence of the multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic fungus, Candida auris came to light in 2009. This particular organism is capable of causing nosocomial infections in immunecompromised persons. This pathogen is associated with consistent candidemia with high mortality rate and presents a serious global health threat. Whole genome sequence (WGS) investigation detected powerful phylogeographic Candida a Read More

Background: Neutrophilic asthma is generally associated with the absence of eosinophils and activation of non- predominant type 2 immunological pathways. It involves bronchial inflammation followed by different degrees of airway remodeling. Neutrophilic inflammation activates specific cellular and molecular pathways due to inhalation of environmental trigger factors such as exhaust fumes, cigarette smoke, occupation- Read More

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare tumors that mainly occur in the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tract and lungs. According to the current World Health Organization classification for GEP-NENs and lung NENs, treatment strategies differ for well-differentiated and poorly differentiated subtypes. For well-differentiated GEP-NENs, somatostatin analogues (SSA), peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, and molecular-targete Read More

Various strategies for the use of zein for controlled drug release have been investigated and reported in the literature, especially engineering strategies for using zein conjugates to enhance oral bioavailability and targeted delivery, which has attracted interest in recent research. Although still limited, the ability to fabricate self-assembling nanoparticles loaded with molecules of interest offering functional groups for potentia Read More

Radiotherapy is considered a second life in Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) patients, mainly due to the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-Programmed-death (PD)-1, alone or in combination with anti-Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen (CTLA)-4. Several trials are investigating the efficacy/safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in sequential or combined strategies with radiotherapy. Chimeric Antigen Receptor ( Read More