Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Current Cancer Therapy Reviews
  4. Fast Track Articles
  5. Fast Track Article
image of Microbial Production of Dihydroprotopanaxatriol from Ginsenoside Rg1 by C. lunata NRRL 2178 as a Promising Anti-cancer Drug for Targeting Lung Cancer

Abstract

Introduction

Lung cancer remains a leading global health crisis, with benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) from cigarette smoke identified as a primary carcinogen. This study investigated the microbial biotransformation of ginsenoside Rg1 into dihydroprotopanaxatriol (DHPPT) by Curvularia lunata NRRL 2178 and evaluated its protective effects against B[a]P-induced pulmonary toxicity through comprehensive biochemical and histological analyses.

Methods

DHPPT was produced fermentation of Rg1, isolated by n-butanol extraction and column chromatography, and characterized using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity was assessed against A549 cells (MTT assay). studies involved plasma lipid analysis (TC, TG, and HDL-C), lung oxidative stress markers (GSH, CAT, GPx, and MDA), inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, NF-κB, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 & MMP-12), and NADPH oxidase gene expression (NOX-2, NOX-4). Moreover, histopathology was performed using H&E staining.

Results

DHPPT showed potent anticancer activity (IC = 67.66 μg/mL) with low toxicity (LD = 780 mg/kg). In B[a]P-exposed mice, DHPPT (39 mg/kg) significantly increased HDL-C (87.5%) and antioxidant markers (GSH 162%, CAT 74.6%, GPx 79.8%), decreased TC (28.9%), TG (26.7%), and MDA (60.5%), reduced inflammatory markers (IL-6 32.9%, NF-κB 36.0%, MMP-2 53.3%, MMP-12 40.5%), and downregulated NOX-2 (52.7%) and NOX-4 (63.5%). Histopathology revealed a preserved alveolar structure with reduced inflammation.

Discussion

The therapeutic effects of DHPPT involve multiple mechanisms, such as antioxidant activity through increased GSH, CAT, and GPx levels enhanced free radical scavenging, while decreased MDA indicated reduced lipid peroxidation. Anti-inflammatory action reduced IL-6 and NF-κB suppressed cytokine signaling pathways, while decreased MMP-2/MMP-12 limited tissue remodeling. Additionally, NOX-2/NOX-4 downregulation reduced reactive oxygen species generation. The superior efficacy of DHPPT against tamoxifen suggests its unique ability to simultaneously target oxidative stress, inflammation, and genetic pathways disrupted by B[a]P. Furthermore, the biotransformation by enhanced bioavailability by removing glucose moieties, while preserving the active aglycone structure.

Conclusion

DHPPT demonstrates significant chemopreventive potential against B[a]P-induced lung damage through coordinated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gene-regulatory mechanisms. These findings support further development of microbial-transformed ginsenosides as multifaceted therapeutic agents, with future studies needed to evaluate clinical applications and potential synergies with conventional treatments.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cctr/10.2174/0115733947349899250220090656
2025-03-06
2025-05-05

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cctr/10.2174/0115733947349899250220090656
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Abd El-Mongy M. Hussein M.A. EL-Sayed N.T. Salah A. Roshdy T. Cucurbitacin-E; Curvularia lunata secondary metabolite as a BRCA 1 and 2 regulator in mice associated breast cancer. Curr. Bioact. Compd. In Press 10.2174/0115734072319208240928142003
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Abd El-Mongy M. Hussein M.A. Embabi F.M. Roshdy T. Salah A. Dihydro-cucurbitacin-E; a secondary metabolite of Curvularia lunata’s biotransformation as a promising cPLA-2 and sPLA-2 inhibitor in B[a]P-induced lung toxicity. Open Microbiol. J. 2024 18 1 e18742858320564 10.2174/0118742858320564240830110955
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Yuyama K.T. Fortkamp D. Abraham W.R. Eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes from fungi and their medicinal potential. Biol. Chem. 2017 399 1 13 28 10.1515/hsz‑2017‑0171 28822220
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Wang S. Lu Z. Lang B. Wang X. Li Y. Chen J. Curvularia lunata and curvularia leaf spot of maize in China. ACS Omega 2022 7 51 47462 47470 10.1021/acsomega.2c03013 36591195
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Shaimaa A.A. Chemopreventive effect of a novel nanocomposite against Benzo[a]pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis. Drug Des. Drug Formul. 2017 6 5
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Omidian K. Rafiei H. Bandy B. Polyphenol inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene-induced oxidative stress and neoplastic transformation in an in vitro model of carcinogenesis. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2017 106 Pt A 165 174 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.037 28533128
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Torkey H.M. Abou-Yousef H.M. Abdel Azeiz A.Z. Farid H. Insecticidal effect of cucurbitacin E glycoside isolated from Citrullus colocynthis against Aphis craccivora. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 2009 3 4060 4066
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Wang K. Song Z. Wang H. Li Q. Cui Z. Zhang Y. Angelica sinensis polysaccharide attenuates concanavalin A-induced liver injury in mice. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2016 31 140 148 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.021 26741264
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Hussain A.I. Rathore H.A. Sattar M.Z.A. Chatha S.A.S. Sarker S.D. Gilani A.H. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad (bitter apple fruit): A review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology, traditional uses and nutritional potential. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014 155 1 54 66 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.011 24936768
    [Google Scholar]
  10. He S. Ou R. Wang W. Ji L. Gao H. Zhu Y. Liu X. Zheng H. Liu Z. Wu P. Lu L. Camptosorus sibiricus rupr aqueous extract prevents lung tumorigenesis via dual effects against ROS and DNA damage. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018 220 44 56 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.021 29258855
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Basha S.Z. Mohamed G.A. Abdel-Naim A.B. Hasan A. Abdel-Lateff A. Cucurbitacin E glucoside from Citrullus colocynthis inhibits testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in mice. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2021 44 5 533 543 10.1080/01480545.2019.1635149 31298051
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Gao F. Zhang J.M. Wang Z.G. Peng W. Hu H.L. Fu C.M. Biotransformation, a promising technology for anti-cancer drug development. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2013 14 10 5599 5608 10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.10.5599 24289549
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Changtam C. Sukcharoen O. Yingyongnarongkul B. Suksamrarn A. Biotransformations of 20-hydroxyecdysone and analogues by Curvularia lunata NRRL 2178. Steroids 2006 71 10 902 907 10.1016/j.steroids.2006.06.002 16846623
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Collins D. Reynolds W.F. Reese P.B. Aromadendrane transformations by Curvularia lunata ATCC 12017. Phytochemistry 2002 60 5 475 481 10.1016/S0031‑9422(02)00136‑X 12052513
    [Google Scholar]
  15. M Soliman S. Mosallam S. Mamdouh M.A. Hussein M.A. M Abd El-Halim S. Design and optimization of cranberry extract loaded bile salt augmented liposomes for targeting of MCP-1/STAT3/VEGF signaling pathway in DMN-intoxicated liver in rats. Drug Deliv. 2022 29 1 427 439 10.1080/10717544.2022.2032875 35098843
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Mohamad E.A. Mohamed Z.N. Hussein M.A. Elneklawi M.S. GANE can improve lung fibrosis by reducing inflammation via promoting p38MAPK/TGF-β1/NF-κB signaling pathway downregulation. ACS Omega 2022 7 3 3109 3120 10.1021/acsomega.1c06591 35097306
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Hussein M.A. Synthesis of some novel triazoloquinazolines and triazinoquinazolines and their evaluation for anti-inflammatory activity. Med. Chem. Res. 2012 21 8 1876 1886 10.1007/s00044‑011‑9707‑0
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Mohammed Abdalla H. Jr Soad Mohamed A.G. In vivo hepato-protective properties of purslane extracts on paracetamol-induced liver damage. Malays. J. Nutr. 2010 16 1 161 170 22691863
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Shehata M.R. Mohamed M.M.A. Shoukry M.M. Hussein M.A. Hussein F.M. Synthesis, characterization, equilibria and biological activity of dimethyltin(IV) complex with 1,4-piperazine. J. Coord. Chem. 2015 68 6 1101 1114 10.1080/00958972.2015.1007962
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Elgizawy H.A. Ali A.A. Hussein M.A. Resveratrol: Isolation, and its nanostructured lipid carriers, inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell apoptosis in certain human cell lines carcinoma and exerts protective effect against paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity. J. Med. Food 2021 24 1 89 100 10.1089/jmf.2019.0286 32580673
    [Google Scholar]
  21. El-gizawy H.A.E. Hussein M.A. Isolation, structure elucidation of ferulic and coumaric acids from fortunella japonica swingle leaves and their structure antioxidant activity relationship. Free Radic. Antioxid. 2016 7 1 23 30 10.5530/fra.2017.1.4
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Abdel Maksoud H.A. Elharrif M.G. Mahfouz M.K. Omnia M.A. Abdullah M.H. Eltabey M.E. Biochemical study on occupational inhalation of benzene vapours in petrol station. Respir. Med. Case Rep. 2019 27 100836 10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.100836 31008048
    [Google Scholar]
  23. El Gizawy H.A. Abo-Salem H.M. Ali A.A. Hussein M.A. Phenolic profiling and therapeutic potential of certain isolated compounds from Parkia roxburghii against AChE activity as well as GABAAα5, GSK-3β, and p38α MAP-Kinase Genes. ACS Omega 2021 6 31 20492 20511 10.1021/acsomega.1c02340 34395996
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hussein M.A. Borik R.M. A novel quinazoline-4-one derivatives as a promising cytokine inhibitors: Synthesis, molecular docking, and structure-activity relationship. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2022 23 9 1179 1203 10.2174/1389201022666210601170650 34077343
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Hussein M.A. Ismail N.E.M. Mohamed A.H. Borik R.M. Ali A.A. Mosaad Y.O. Plasma phospholipids: A promising simple biochemical parameter to evaluate COVID-19 infection severity. Bioinform. Biol. Insights 2021 15 11779322211055891 10.1177/11779322211055891 34840499
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Boshra S.A. Hussein M.A. Cranberry extract as a supplemented food in treatment of oxidative stress and breast cancer induced by N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea in female virgin mice. Int. J. Phytomed. 2016 8 217 227
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Hussein M.A. El-gizawy H.A.E. Gobba N.A.E.K. Mosaad Y.O. Synthesis of cinnamyl and caffeoyl derivatives of cucurbitacin-eglycoside isolated from Citrullus colocynthis fruits and their structures antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities relationship. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2017 18 8 677 693 10.2174/1389201018666171004144615 28982326
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Rosic G. Selakovic D. Cancer signaling, cell/gene therapy, diagnosis and role of nanobiomaterials. Advances in Biology & Earth Sciences 2024 9 Special Issue 11 34 10.62476/abes9s11
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Huseynov E. Khalilov R. Mohamed A.J. Novel nanomaterials for hepatobiliary diseases treatment and future perspectives. Advances in Biology & Earth Sciences 2024 9 Special Issue 81 91 10.62476/abes9s81
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Karadağ M. Omarova S. Use of Prunus armeniaca L. seed oil and pulp in health and cosmetic products. Advances in Biology & Earth Sciences 2024 9 Special Issue 105 110 10.62476/abess105
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Hou J.M. Ma B.C. Zuo Y.H. Guo L.L. Gao S.G. Wang Y.Y. Liu T. Rapid and sensitive detection of Curvularia lunata associated with maize leaf spot based on its Clg2p gene using semi-nested PCR. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2013 56 4 245 250 10.1111/lam.12040 23278833
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Lu Y. Song Y. Xue Z. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction detection of Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris maydis, and Aureobasidium zeae in infected maize leaf tissues. J. Basic Microbiol. 2019 59 9 862 866 10.1002/jobm.201900185 31330054
    [Google Scholar]
  33. van de Loosdrecht A.A. Beelen R.H. Ossenkoppele G.J. Broekhoven M.G. Langenhuijsen M.M. A tetrazolium-based colorimetric MTT assay to quantitate human monocyte mediated cytotoxicity against leukemic cells from cell lines and patients with acute myeloid leukemia. J Immunol Methods 1994 174 1-2 311 320 10.1016/0022‑1759(94)90034‑5 8083535
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Abal P. Louzao M. Antelo A. Alvarez M. Cagide E. Vilariño N. Vieytes M. Botana L. Acute oral toxicity of tetrodotoxin in mice: Determination of Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) and No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL). Toxins (Basel) 2017 9 3 75 10.3390/toxins9030075 28245573
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Elsheikh A.M. M Roshdy T. Hassan S.A. A Hussein M. M Fayed A. Resveratrol: A potential protector against benzo[a]pyrene- induced lung toxicity. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2022 25 1 78 89 10.3923/pjbs.2022.78.89 35001578
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Kim C.S. Choi S.J. Park C.Y. Li C. Choi J.S. Effects of silybinin on the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen and its active metabolite, 4-hydroxytamoxifen in rats. Anticancer Res. 2010 30 1 79 85 20150620
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Fossati P. Prencipe L. Serum triglycerides determined colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide. Clin. Chem. 1982 28 10 2077 2080 10.1093/clinchem/28.10.2077 6812986
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Allain C.C. Poon L.S. Chan C.S.G. Richmond W. Fu P.C. Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin. Chem. 1974 20 4 470 475 10.1093/clinchem/20.4.470 4818200
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Burstein M. Scholnick H.R. Morfin R. Rapid method for the isolation of lipoproteins from human serum by precipitation with polyanions. J. Lipid Res. 1970 11 6 583 595 10.1016/S0022‑2275(20)42943‑8 4100998
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Nielsen F. Mikkelsen B.B. Nielsen J.B. Andersen H.R. Grandjean P. Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker for oxidative stress: Reference interval and effects of life-style factors. Clin. Chem. 1997 43 7 1209 1214 10.1093/clinchem/43.7.1209 9216458
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Maiorino F.M. Brigelius-Flohé R. Aumann K.D. Roveri A. Schomburg D. Flohé L. Flohé L. Diversity of glutathione peroxidases. Methods Enzymol. 1995 252 38 53 10.1016/0076‑6879(95)52007‑4 7476373
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Hadwan M.H. Simple spectrophotometric assay for measuring catalase activity in biological tissues. BMC Biochem. 2018 19 1 7 10.1186/s12858‑018‑0097‑5 30075706
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Owen J.B. Butterfield D.A. Measurement of oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio. Methods Mol. Biol. 2010 648 269 277 10.1007/978‑1‑60761‑756‑3_18 20700719
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Bancroft G.D. Steven A. Theory and Practice of Histological Technique. 4th ed New York Churchill Livingstone 1983 99 112
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Petronelli A. Pannitteri G. Testa U. Triterpenoids as new promising anticancer drugs. Anticancer Drugs 2009 20 10 880 892 10.1097/CAD.0b013e328330fd90 19745720
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Garcia-Granados A. Martinez A. Parra A. Rivas F. Manoyl-oxide biotransformations with filamentous fungi. Curr. Org. Chem. 2007 11 8 679 692 10.2174/138527207780598774
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Arantes S. Hanson J. The biotransformation of sesquiterpenoids by Mucor plumbeus. Curr. Org. Chem. 2007 11 8 657 663 10.2174/138527207780598747
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Parra A. Rivas F. Garcia-Granados A. Martinez A. Microbial transformation of triterpenoids. Mini Rev. Org. Chem. 2009 6 4 307 320 10.2174/157019309789371569
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Mohapatra R.K. Perekhoda L. Azam M. Suleiman M. Sarangi A.K. Semenets A. Pintilie L. Al-Resayes S.I. Computational investigations of three main drugs and their comparison with synthesized compounds as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro): DFT, QSAR, molecular docking, and in silico toxicity analysis. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 2021 33 2 101315 10.1016/j.jksus.2020.101315 33390681
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Kim M.Y. Cho J.Y. 20S-dihydroprotopanaxatriol modulates functional activation of monocytes and macrophages. J. Ginseng Res. 2013 37 3 300 307 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.300 24198655
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Chen X.J. Zhang X.J. Shui Y.M. Wan J.B. Gao J.L. Anticancer activities of protopanaxadiol- and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides and their metabolites. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016 2016 5738694 10.1155/2016/5738694 27446225
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Changtam C. Sukcharoen O. Yingyongnarongkul B. Chimnoi N. Suksamrarn A. Functional group-mediated biotransformation by Curvularia lunata NRRL 2178: Synthesis of 3-dehydro-2-deoxy-ecdysteroids from the 3-hydroxy-2-mesyloxy analogues. Tetrahedron 2008 64 11 2626 2633 10.1016/j.tet.2008.01.033
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Tang Y. Li W. Cao J. Li W. Zhao Y. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of cytotoxic compounds from Bolbostemma paniculatum. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015 169 18 23 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.003 25882313
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Jiang H. Tan R. Jiao R. Deng X. Tan R. Herpecaudin from Herpetospermum caudigerum, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor with a novel isoprenoid scaffold. Planta Med. 2016 82 11/12 1122 1127 10.1055/s‑0042‑108210 27272398
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Cheng A.C. Hsu Y.C. Tsai C.C. The effects of cucurbitacin E on GADD45β‐trigger G2/M arrest and JNK‐independent pathway in brain cancer cells. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2019 23 5 3512 3519 10.1111/jcmm.14250 30912292
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Hsu Y-C. Chen M-J. Huang T-Y. Inducement of mitosis delay by cucurbitacin E, a novel tetracyclic triterpene from climbing stem of Cucumis melo L., through GADD45γ in human brain malignant glioma (GBM) 8401 cells. Cell Death Dis. 2014 5 2 e1087 10.1038/cddis.2014.22 24577085
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Field R.W. Withers B.L. Occupational and environmental causes of lung cancer. Clin. Chest Med. 2012 33 4 681 703 10.1016/j.ccm.2012.07.001 23153609
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Farbicka P. Nowicki A. Reviews palliative care in patients with lung cancer. Contemp. Oncol. (Pozn.) 2013 3 3 238 245 10.5114/wo.2013.35033 24596508
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Dawson S.J. Tsui D.W.Y. Murtaza M. Biggs H. Rueda O.M. Chin S.F. Dunning M.J. Gale D. Forshew T. Mahler-Araujo B. Rajan S. Humphray S. Becq J. Halsall D. Wallis M. Bentley D. Caldas C. Rosenfeld N. Analysis of circulating tumor DNA to monitor metastatic breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013 368 13 1199 1209 10.1056/NEJMoa1213261 23484797
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Alsherif D.A. Hussein M.A. Abuelkasem S.S. Salvia officinalis improves glycemia and suppresses pro-inflammatory features in obese rats with metabolic syndrome. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2023 25 5 623 636 10.2174/1389201024666230811104740 37581324
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Jin W. Li C. Yang S. Song S. Hou W. Song Y. Du Q. Hypolipidemic effect and molecular mechanism of ginsenosides: A review based on oxidative stress. Front. Pharmacol. 2023 14 1166898 10.3389/fphar.2023.1166898 37188264
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Nag S.A. Qin J.J. Wang W. Wang M.H. Wang H. Zhang R. Ginsenosides as anticancer agents: In vitro and in vivo activities, structure–activity relationships, and molecular mechanisms of action. Front. Pharmacol. 2012 3 25 10.3389/fphar.2012.00025 22403544
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Soler M.F. Abaurrea A. Azcoaga P. Araujo A.M. Caffarel M.M. New perspectives in cancer immunotherapy: Targeting IL-6 cytokine family. J. Immunother. Cancer 2023 11 11 e007530 10.1136/jitc‑2023‑007530 37945321
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Mosaad Y.O. Hussein M.A. Ateyya H. Hassan S.A. Wink M. Gobba N.A.E.K. Mohamed Z.N. BAAE-AgNPs improve symptoms of diabetes in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2023 24 14 1812 1826 10.2174/1389201024666230313105049 36915989
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Yan Z. Lai Z. Lin J. Anticancer properties of traditional Chinese medicine. Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen. 2017 20 5 423 429 28093974
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Smith B. Bhowmick N. Role of EMT in metastasis and therapy resistance. J. Clin. Med. 2016 5 2 17 10.3390/jcm5020017 26828526
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Cort A. Ozben T. Natural product modulators to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer. Nutr. Cancer 2015 67 3 411 423 10.1080/01635581.2015.1002624 25649862
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Luo Y. Ma J. Lu W. The significance of mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020 21 16 5598 10.3390/ijms21165598 32764295
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Zhang B. Liu Z. Hu X. Inhibiting cancer metastasis via targeting NAPDH oxidase 4. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2013 86 2 253 266 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.05.011 23688500
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Mostafa M.M. Amin M.M. Zakaria M.Y. Hussein M.A. Shamaa M.M. Abd El-Halim S.M. Chitosan surface-modified PLGA nanoparticles loaded with cranberry powder extract as a potential oral delivery platform for targeting colon cancer cells. Pharmaceutics 2023 15 2 606 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020606 36839928
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Gong S. Wang S. Shao M. NADPH oxidase 4: A potential therapeutic target of malignancy. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2022 10 884412 10.3389/fcell.2022.884412 35646942
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Gobba N.A.E.K. Hussein Ali A. El Sharawy D.E. Hussein M.A. The potential hazardous effect of exposure to iron dust in Egyptian smoking and nonsmoking welders. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health 2018 73 3 189 202 10.1080/19338244.2017.1314930 28375782
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cctr/10.2174/0115733947349899250220090656
Loading
Microbial Production of Dihydroprotopanaxatriol from Ginsenoside Rg1 by C. lunata NRRL 2178 as a Promising Anti-cancer Drug for Targeting Lung Cancer
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733947349899250220090656
/content/journals/cctr/10.2174/0115733947349899250220090656
/content/journals/cctr/10.2174/0115733947349899250220090656
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keywords: NADPH oxidase ; B[a]P ; oxidative stress ; protopanaxatriol ; Ginsenoside Rg1 ; C. lunata NRRL 2178 ; biotransformation ; lung cancer

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test