Role of Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles in the Drug Delivery System for Hypertension Treatment: A Systematic Review

Background: The present investigation was designed to systematically review the antihypertensive effects of all the organic and inorganic nanoparticles in the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. Methods: The current study was carried out using 06-PRISMA guideline and registered in the CAMARADES- NC3Rs Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Facility (SyRF) database. The search was performed on five English databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, without time limitation for publications worldwide related to the anti-hypertensive effects of all the organic and inorganic nanoparticles without date limitation, so as to identify all the published articles (in vitro, in vivo, clinical, and case-control). Studies in any language were entered in the search step if they had an English abstract. Results: Out of 3602 papers, 60 including 25 werein vitro (41.7%), 17 in vitro / in vivo (28.3%), 16 in vivo (26.7%), and 2 in vitro / ex vivo (3.3%) up to 2020 met the inclusion criteria for discussion in this systematic review. The most widely used nanoparticles were organic nanoparticles such as polylactic acid, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), lipid, chitosan, etc., followed by inorganic nanoparticles such as silver and palladium nanoparticles. Conclusion: This review demonstrated the anti-hypertensive effects of some organic and inorganic nanoparticles alone or in combination with the available anti-hypertensives. We found that organic nanoparticles such as PGLA and chitosan can be considered as preferred options in nanomedicine for treating high blood pressure. The results also showed these nanoparticles displayed antihypertensive effects through some mechanisms such as sustained release forms via increasing bioavailability, increasing oral bioavailability and improving oral and non-oral absorption, counteracting excessive superoxide, decreasing blood pressure, etc. However, further investigations are required to prove these effects, particularly in clinical settings, as well as their accurate possible mechanisms and toxicity.