Current Biochemical Engineering (Discontinued) - Volume 6, Issue 1, 2020

Background: Nanotechnology involves the study of materials having dimensional range 1 to 100 nm. When the concept of nanotechnology is applied in the medical field, the resulting outcome is known as ‘Nanomedicine’. Nanomedicine generally includes nanoparticles, which are explored for various therapeutic applications. Various properties of nanoparticles like high reactivity, large surface area, and ultra small size make them highly efficient compared to conventional therapeutic agents. Methods: Present review discloses applications of various nanoparticulate systems in drug delivery and therapeutics. We searched nanoparticulate systems like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, lipidic nanoparticles, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and gold nanoparticles using search engines like PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: Results of a literature review regarding the use of nanoparticulate systems revealed their high preclinical efficacy, safety, and reduced toxicity compared to various traditional systems used for the delivery of various therapeutic agents. Implementation of targeting moieties like peptides, antibodies, or aptamers in nanoparticulate systems shows a synergistic effect in their efficacy. Conclusion: Nanoparticulate systems have shown significant effects on different areas of the medical field. However, clinical exploration of various nanoparticulate systems is still a challenge and this fact should be taken into consideration by pharmaceutical scientists. Despite this, nanomedicine is expected to have a tremendous effect on various areas of the medical field in the future.

Background: Nanotechnology brings innovation in the healthcare sector and revolutionized the therapeutic domain in recent years. It provides better health facilities and bring advancement in the field of science and technology. Nanocarriers are extremely small structure and involve synthesis, designing, application of medicament in the size range of 1-100 nm. Nanocarriers are especially explored for their chemical, physical and biological activity. Good understanding of all these properties is necessary to increase the therapeutic application of nanocarriers in different fields, by abating the hazards to creatures and the environment. The goal of this article is to review the developed nanocarriers of Umbelliferone from the viewpoints of research trend, synthesis, targeting mechanism, its clinical applications and future perspective. Methods: A wide variety of nanocarriers system of umbelliferone have been developed, such as nanoshell, nanowire, nanoparticles, solid lipid nanostructure, dendrimers, nanoemulsion, nanosponges, etc. Nanosystem of umbelliferone is prepared by two approaches i.e. top-up and bottom down method, as well as their potential application in several areas, is presented in this paper. Results: Umbelliferone, a 7-hydroxycoumarin is widely available Rutaceae and Apiaceae families and termed as a therapeutic active agent. It is a derivative of coumarin and contain a heterocyclic ring with the improved biological property. In the literature survey, antifungal, antibacterial, antihyperglycaemic, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-arthritic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property are reported. Nanocarriers encapsulated umbelliferone have been recommended and explored to treat various types of diseases. Conclusion: This article upsurges the understanding of the nano-based delivery system of drug Umbelliferone in the field of biomedical application along with the safety concerns. A future perspective on the fabrication of nanocarriers of umbelliferone, scaling up technique, therapeutic efficacy and environmental protection is presented in the review. This advocates that numerous possible application of this drug for the future works are available for the commercialization.

Background: “Health is wealth” and to maintain it 7 essential nutrients are required. Among these, Vitamin is one that has great importance in very low concentration. As per the solubility, it divides into water-soluble and water-insoluble vitamins. This study concentrates on Vitamin C, a water-soluble vitamin which is essential for human growth due to its activity in the synthesis of carnitine, collagen, and neurotransmitter. It possesses antioxidant, antiatherogenic, and immunomodulatory functions, which may lead to the activity of Vitamin C in many diseases. But humans and some other non-human primates are unable to produce Vitamin C from glucose due to the absence of enzyme gulonolactone oxidase. As a result, humans are dependent on various dietary sources of Vc especially citrus fruit. But these dietary supplies also fail to achieve the required level in the body due to its poor bioavailability and storage. Methods: Vitamin C has already proven its activity in cancer therapy. It is also used as a prodrug of H2O2. But due to the poor bioavailability and storage of Vitamin C in the human body, mankind is unable to avail the benefits of Vitamin C. These problems lead to generating different and suitable nanoformulations to incorporate Vitamin C and its derivatives into it. Different research work shows several ways to develop nanoformulations. Amongst all liposomes, microsphere, nanocarriers are of great importance. For Vitamin C incorporation into the nanoformulation, nanocarriers become the most popular choice for researchers. There were several nanocarrier systems developed using Chitosan- Alginate, Silica-Coated-Au Nanoparticles, Chitosan, Mesoporous-silica NCs for suitable incorporation of Vitamin C into these. The performances were assured by performing different in vitro and in vivo tests which will be discussed here. Result: As a result, Vitamin C is now in use for many purposes. It includes not only the above mentioned functions but also other functions too. Due to an antioxidant property, Vitamin C is able to quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting ROS-mediated Nitric Oxide (NO) inactivation. Vitamin C helps to elevate the level of absorption of iron within the cell from dietary iron sources. It also prevents the oxidation of drugs. To achieve all these functions, NCs or nanoformulation plays a great role. Conclusion: It can be concluded that depending on the biocompatibility, loading capacity, protection of the loading molecule, efficiency of cellular uptake, controllable rate of release to achieve the desired effect, and many more factors, the choice of different Nanocarriers (NCs) will be done which ultimately help the human to use it for different purposes. This paper tries to gather some information in one place with respect to different experimental studies.

Background: In the field of drug delivery, smart and intelligent approaches have gained significant attention among researchers in order to improve the efficacy of conventional dosage forms. Material science has played a key role in developing these intelligent systems that can deliver therapeutic cargo on-demand. Stimuli responsive material based drug delivery systems have emerged as one of the most promising innovative tools for site-specific delivery. Several endogenous and exogenous stimuli have been exploited to devise “stimuli-responsive” materials for targeted drug delivery. Methods: For better understanding, these novel systems have been broadly classified into two categories: Internally Regulated Systems (pH, ionic strength, glucose, enzymes, and endogenous receptors) and Externally Regulated Systems (Light, magnetic field, electric field, ultrasound, and temperature). This review has followed a systematic approach through separately describing the design, development, and applications of each stimuli-responsive system in a constructive manner. Results: The development includes synthesis and characterization of each system, which has been discussed in a structured manner. From advantages to drawbacks, a detailed description has been included for each smart stimuli responsive material. For a complete review in this niche area of drug delivery, a wide range of therapeutic applications including recent advancement of these smart materials have been incorporated. Conclusion: From the current scenario to future development, a precise overview of each type of system has been discussed in this article. In summary, it is expected that researchers working in this novel area will be highly benefited from this scientific review.

Background: Nanomedicines are capable of disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and in monitoring the therapeutic result to provide appropriate tasks towards research goals. The best therapeutic pattern can be achieved by developing a theranostic nanomedicine, which is an emerging field. It has the advantage of loading phytoconstituents as drugs and is useful for both imaging and therapeutic function. Methods: Nowadays, the design of a novel drug delivery system of the herbal constituent is usually done through the nanotechnology approach. This technique increases the biological activity and counters the puzzles associated with plant medicines. Traditional medicine integration with nanocarriers as an NDDS is very essential in the management of chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. Results: The nanotechnology combination with plant science is a green revolution with a practical approach for decreasing the therapeutic side effects. The object of the study is to review herbal nanomedicine with an enhanced therapeutic profile and less toxicity. Conclusion: The development of herbal theranostic nanoformulation is very useful for the treatment of different diseases.

Background: It is a great challenge for scientists to overcome the barrier of Antibiotic resistance by imparting new technologies to form structurally unique and robust antibiotics in an economically scalable way. Rapamycin is a well-known macrolide with numerous applications in the medical field. It is one of the most effective and efficient immunosuppressant antibiotic available in recent history. With the increase of its application, decreasing its production cost stands as one of the most critical challenges. Therefore, the selection of a suitable and potent strain of higher yield has emerged to be of great necessity in the present scenario. Methods: Spores prepared from lyophilised culture when treated with different exposure to UV light, showed a decrease in survival rates in comparison to the untreated sample. Combined treatment of spores with UV mutagenesis and chemical mutagen (NTG) was done. Spores were incubated at 30°C at 120 rpm for 2 hr, and some of them were found viable after the treatment. Agar-disc diffusion method, turbidimetric assay and HPLC analysis were carried out to study the rapamycin concentration by potent strain. Results: Macrolide production was seen to be maximum on the 11th day of fermentation which is 1.76 folds higher as compared to wild type Streptomyces hygroscopicus in shake flask. Structural confirmation and conformation study were supported by the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique. Conclusion: The maximum amount of antibiotic produced was observed to be 284 mg/L.