Impact of Physicochemical Parameters on Effective Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources: An Overview

Background: Bioactive compounds obtained from natural sources like plants, algae, mushrooms and marine have become of utmost importance in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Many bioactive chemicals have been found to have health-promoting characteristics, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. Extraction of these bioactive chemicals from natural sources is difficult since they are present in extremely low concentrations inside the cell. Methods: The complete cropping of bioactive compounds from natural sources depends on several physicochemical parameters such as solvent, solvent concentration, temperature, pressure, time, etc., and they play a crucial role in determining the efficiency of extraction. Furthermore, these factors are not inherently connected to one another, but when they are combined, they change not just the extraction efficiency but also the process cost. As a result, the physicochemical parameters must be properly adjusted in order to increase the extraction efficiency as well as the biological characteristics of isolated molecules. Results: The article provides a thorough examination of several extraction strategies, as well as the mechanism and concepts that underpin them. Also, the review highlights the impact of various physicochemical parameters on the effective extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources to meet the standards of industrial requirements. Conclusion: Many of the tests have been conducted at the laboratory level; as a result, recommendations for scaling up the extraction process have been provided in order to assess the performance of small-scale to large-scale industrial operations.