Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets - Infectious Disorders)
  4. Volume 25, Issue 3
  5. Article
Volume 25, Issue 3
  • ISSN: 1871-5265
  • E-ISSN: 2212-3989

Abstract

Hygiene has been identified as an important step in anticipating health-related pollution, with conflicting reports about consistent sanitation standards in the nation. This narrative review of published studies has led to the discussion of hand hygiene and health practices, as well as the identification of necessary methods that are available in low and middle-income countries. An effective survey of accessible information is conducted in this way based on review questions. A number of 372 articles were found on the web, and 32 articles were used in the final analysis. Overall, the standard of hand hygiene is set at 20.49%. Difficulties identified for the people in low or middle-income countries are poor awareness and sound information about hand hygiene, lack of resources including water, soap, hand scrubbing gel, ., as misinterpretations related to hand hygiene practices. People are paying more attention to healthcare-related illnesses as it becomes increasingly clear that most of them may be prevented. The free evidence-based practice states that to lower the danger of contamination, hand hygiene should be properly adhered to. The difficulties recognized in this review are reliable, with the discoveries of studies that have been led somewhere else. By conducting a basic examination of the “Clean Care is Safer Care” as an excellent arrangement of WHO’s global initiative activity on patient well-being programs, developing nations will have more time to consider the essential approaches for the use of fundamental disease prevention exercises in our health care settings.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/iddt/10.2174/0118715265307717240713182628
2024-08-19
2025-03-30

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/iddt/10.2174/0118715265307717240713182628
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. FashafshehI. AyedA. EqtaitF. HaraznehL. Knowledge and Practice of Nursing Staff towards Infection Control Measures in the Palestinian Hospitals.J. Educ. Pract.2015647990
     [Google Scholar]
  2. TwitchellK.T. WachsJ.E. Bloodborne pathogens. What you need to know--Part II.AAOHN J.2003512899710.1177/216507990305100210 12655983
     [Google Scholar]
  3. KesahN.F.N.C. VincentK.P. ChrysanthusN. Healthcare-associated infections in three hospitals in Dschang, West Region, Cameroon.Ann. Trop. Med. Public Health201361232910.4103/1755‑6783.115174
     [Google Scholar]
  4. FriedmanN.D. KayeK.S. StoutJ.E. Health care--associated bloodstream infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections.Ann. Intern. Med.20021371079179710.7326/0003‑4819‑137‑10‑200211190‑00007 12435215
     [Google Scholar]
  5. NejadS.B. AllegranziB. SyedS. EllisB. PittetD. Health-care-associated infection in Africa: a systematic review.Bull. World Health Organ.2011891075776510.2471/BLT.11.088179 22084514
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Niraula ShresthaG.D. ThapaB. Knowledge and Practice on Infection Prevention among Nurses of Bir Hospital, Kathmandu.J. Nepal Health Res. Counc.201816333033510.33314/jnhrc.v16i3.1466 30455495
     [Google Scholar]
  7. VazK. McGrowderD. LindoR.A. GordonL. BrownP. IrvingR. Knowledge, awareness and compliance with universal precautions among health care workers at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Jamaica.Int. J. Occup. Environ. Med.201014171181
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Clean care is safer care.2008Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2005/10/13/default-calendar/clean-care-is-safer-care(accessed on 2-7-2024)
  9. Report on the Burden of Endemic Health Care-Associated Infection Worldwide.2011Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/report-on-the-burden-of-endemic-health-care-associated-infection-worldwide(accessed on 2-7-2024)
  10. AllegranziB. NejadS.B. CombescureC. Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet2011377976122824110.1016/S0140‑6736(10)61458‑4 21146207
     [Google Scholar]
  11. World Health OrganizationInfection prevention and control in health care: time for collaborative action.2010Available from: https://applications.emro.who.int/docs/EM_RC57_6_en.pdf (accessed on 2-7-2024)
     [Google Scholar]
  12. RakaL. Mulliqi-OsmaniG. Infection Control in Developing World.Infection Control - Updates. SudhakarC. CroatiaInTech20126510.5772/33282
     [Google Scholar]
  13. VindigniS.M. RileyP.L. JhungM. Systematic review: handwashing behaviour in low‐ to middle‐income countries: outcome measures and behaviour maintenance.Trop. Med. Int. Health201116446647710.1111/j.1365‑3156.2010.02720.x 21226794
     [Google Scholar]
  14. GrafK. ChabernyI.F. VonbergR.P. Beliefs about hand hygiene: A survey in medical students in their first clinical year.Am. J. Infect. Control2011391088588810.1016/j.ajic.2010.08.025 22133533
     [Google Scholar]
  15. WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care: First global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care.2009 Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241597906(accessed on 2-7-2024)
  16. MathurP. Hand hygiene: Back to the basics of infection control.Indian J. Med. Res.2011134561162010.4103/0971‑5916.90985 22199099
     [Google Scholar]
  17. WestonD. WestonD. Fundamentals of infection prevention and control: theory and practice.Chichester, West SussexJohn Wiley and Sons2014
     [Google Scholar]
  18. ErasmusV. DahaT.J. BrugH. Systematic review of studies on compliance with hand hygiene guidelines in hospital care.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.201031328329410.1086/650451 20088678
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Mbouthieu TeumtaG.M. NibaL.L. NcheuveuN.T. An Institution-Based Assessment of Students’ Hand Washing Behavior.BioMed Res. Int.201920191710.1155/2019/7178645 31950052
     [Google Scholar]
  20. LabarraqueA.G. Instructions and observations regarding the use of the chlorides of soda and lime.New Haven, CTBaldwin and Treadway1829
     [Google Scholar]
  21. SemmelweisI. Etiology, concept, and prophylaxis of childbed fever.Madison, WIThe University of Wisconsin Press1983
     [Google Scholar]
  22. RotterM.L. 150 years of hand disinfection-Semmelweis’ heritage.Hyg. Med.199722332339
     [Google Scholar]
  23. AkyolA.D. Hand hygiene among nurses in Turkey: opinions and practices.J. Clin. Nurs.200716343143710.1111/j.1365‑2702.2005.01543.x 17335518
     [Google Scholar]
  24. MeersP. JacobsenW. McPhersonM. Hospital infection control for nurses.LondonChapman and Hall1992
     [Google Scholar]
  25. TrampuzA. WidmerA.F. Hand hygiene: a frequently missed lifesaving opportunity during patient care.Mayo Clin. Proc.200479110911610.4065/79.1.109 14708954
     [Google Scholar]
  26. MinnaarA. Infection control made easy, a hospital guide for health professionals.Kenwyn, SAJuta2008
     [Google Scholar]
  27. SmithS.M.S. A review of hand‐washing techniques in primary care and community settings.J. Clin. Nurs.200918678679010.1111/j.1365‑2702.2008.02546.x 19239662
     [Google Scholar]
  28. LoftusM.J. GuitartC. TartariE. Hand hygiene in low- and middle-income countries.Int. J. Infect. Dis.201986253010.1016/j.ijid.2019.06.002 31189085
     [Google Scholar]
  29. DamaniN. MehtarS. AllegranziB. Hand hygiene in resource-poor settings.Hand hygiene: a handbook for medical professionals.Chichester, West SussexJohn Wiley and Sons201735736610.1002/9781118846810.ch43
     [Google Scholar]
  30. ZaidiA.K.M. HuskinsW.C. ThaverD. BhuttaZ.A. AbbasZ. GoldmannD.A. Hospital-acquired neonatal infections in developing countries.Lancet200536594651175118810.1016/S0140‑6736(05)71881‑X 15794973
     [Google Scholar]
  31. OttM. FrenchR. Hand hygiene compliance among health care staff and student nurses in a mental health setting.Issues Ment. Health Nurs.2009301170270410.1080/01612840903079223 19874098
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Infection control guidelines Communicable disease report.CanadaLaboratory Centre for Disease Control, Bureau of Infectious Diseases1998
     [Google Scholar]
  33. LarsonE. Skin hygiene and infection prevention: more of the same or different approaches?Clin. Infect. Dis.19992951287129410.1086/313468 10524977
     [Google Scholar]
  34. LarsonE. A causal link between handwashing and risk of infection? Examination of the evidence.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.198891283610.1086/645729 19722934
     [Google Scholar]
  35. PeacockJ.Jr MarsikF.J. WenzelR.P. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: introduction and spread within a hospital.Ann. Intern. Med.198093452653210.7326/0003‑4819‑93‑4‑526 6904159
     [Google Scholar]
  36. ThompsonR.L. CabezudoI. WenzelR.P. Epidemiology of nosocomial infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Ann. Intern. Med.198297330931710.7326/0003‑4819‑97‑3‑309 7114627
     [Google Scholar]
  37. PittetD. HugonnetS. HarbarthS. Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene.Lancet200035692381307131210.1016/S0140‑6736(00)02814‑2 11073019
     [Google Scholar]
  38. ConlyJ.M. HillS. RossJ. LertzmanJ. LouieT.J. Handwashing practices in an intensive care unit: The effects of an educational program and its relationship to infection rates.Am. J. Infect. Control198917633033910.1016/0196‑6553(89)90002‑3 2596730
     [Google Scholar]
  39. KhanM.U. Interruption of shigellosis by hand washing.Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.198276216416810.1016/0035‑9203(82)90266‑8 7101400
     [Google Scholar]
  40. LarsonE.L. EarlyE. CloonanP. SugrueS. ParidesM. An organizational climate intervention associated with increased handwashing and decreased nosocomial infections.Behav. Med.2000261142210.1080/08964280009595749 10971880
     [Google Scholar]
  41. MortimerE.A.Jr LipsitzP.J. WolinskyE. GonzagaA.J. RammelkampC.H.Jr Transmission of staphylococci between newborns. Importance of the hands to personnel.Am. J. Dis. Child.1962104328929510.1001/archpedi.1962.02080030291012 14476378
     [Google Scholar]
  42. MakiDG The use of antiseptics for handwashing by medical personnel.J Chemother19891S131110.1080/1120009X.1989.11738936 2754463
     [Google Scholar]
  43. A guide to the implementation of the WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy.2009Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/a-guide-to-the-implementation-of-the-who-multimodal-hand-hygiene-improvement-strategy( accessed on 2-7-2024)
  44. BoyceJ.M. PittetD. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. Recommendations of the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force.MMWR Recomm. Rep.200251RR-16145 12418624
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Communicable Diseases Intelligence (CDI). Infection control guidelines for the prevention of transmission of infectious diseases in the health care setting.Commun. Dis. Intell.2004282
     [Google Scholar]
  46. SainiR. ManiA. ShubangiA.M. Hand hygiene among health care workers.Indian J. Dent. Res.201021111511810.4103/0970‑9290.62810 20427920
     [Google Scholar]
  47. CanhamL. The first step in infection control is hand hygiene.Dent. Assist.20118014246 21443078
     [Google Scholar]
  48. KampfG. LöfflerH. Hand disinfection in hospitals – benefits and risks.J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges.201081297898310.1111/j.1610‑0387.2010.07501.x 20812991
     [Google Scholar]
  49. CollinsF. HamptonS. Hand-washing and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Br. J. Nurs.2005141370370710.12968/bjon.2005.14.13.18451 16116370
     [Google Scholar]
  50. SmithJ.M. LokhorstD.B. Infection control: can nurses improve hand hygiene practice?J Undergrad Nurs Scholarsh200911116
     [Google Scholar]
  51. KarabayO. SencanI. SahinI. AlptekerH. OzcanA. OksuzS. Compliance and efficacy of hand rubbing during in-hospital practice.Med. Princ. Pract.200514531331710.1159/000086928 16103696
     [Google Scholar]
  52. MaxfieldD. DullD. Influencing hand hygiene at spectrum health.Physician Exec.20113733032, 34 21675312
     [Google Scholar]
  53. PenziasA. Don’t get complacent with hand hygiene.ED Nursing20101355455
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Al-naamiM.Y. AnjumM.N. AfzalM.F. Al-yamiM.S. Al-qahtaniS.M. Al-dohavanA.D. Alcohol based hand-rub versus traditional surgical scrub and the risk of surgical site infection: a randomized controlled equivalent trial.EWMA J200993510
     [Google Scholar]
  55. NazarkoL. Potential pitfalls in adherence to hand washing in the community.Br. J. Community Nurs.2009142646810.12968/bjcn.2009.14.2.38762 19223812
     [Google Scholar]
  56. TakahashiI. TuraleS. Evaluation of individual and facility factors that promote hand washing in aged‐care facilities in Japan.Nurs. Health Sci.201012112713410.1111/j.1442‑2018.2009.00509.x 20487336
     [Google Scholar]
  57. OgunsolaF.T. AdesijiY.O. Comparison of four methods of hand washing in situations of inadequate water supply.West Afr. J. Med.20082712428 18689299
     [Google Scholar]
  58. DevnaniM. KumarR. SharmaR.K. GuptaA.K. A survey of hand-washing facilities in the outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital in India.J. Infect. Dev. Ctries.20105211411810.3855/jidc.1003 21389590
     [Google Scholar]
  59. WernerR. Hand washing and what happens if you don’t.Massage Bodywork2007222114118
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/iddt/10.2174/0118715265307717240713182628
Loading

  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): control; Hand hygiene; hand scrubbing gel; hand washing; infection prevention

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test