Skip to content
2000
Volume 25, Issue 3
  • ISSN: 1871-5265
  • E-ISSN: 2212-3989

Abstract

Pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, ., are common types of acne that pop up on the skin each time, whenever dead cells and oils obstruct the outgrowth of hair from the hair follicle. It is very common to observe this condition in teenagers, but regardless of age, if the causing condition is met, acne can occur at any point in life. The characteristic feature of all types of acne is it starts with inflammation of the skin. These inflammatory marks (like black spots, pores, small scars, .) leave behind even when acne disappears. Plants like vegetables and flowers are naturally rich in different types of polyphenolic compounds called flavonoids. These flavonoids have various key functions, from guiding cell movement to maintaining oxidative pressure in the body. In this study, we discuss six types of flavonoids that have the potential to be used as medicine for the treatment of different kinds of skin breakouts. Moreover, the result of molecular docking of different proteins that have an association with acne is also discussed.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/iddt/10.2174/0118715265299763240818161040
2024-09-18
2025-03-30
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. WilliamsH.C. DellavalleR.P. GarnerS. Acne vulgaris.Lancet2012379981336137210.1016/S0140‑6736(11)60321‑8 21880356
    [Google Scholar]
  2. ThiboutotD. GollnickH. BettoliV. New insights into the management of acne: An update from the global alliance to improve outcomes in acne group.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.2009605Suppl.S1S5010.1016/j.jaad.2009.01.019 19376456
    [Google Scholar]
  3. PatelM. BoweW.P. HeughebaertC. ShalitaA.R. The development of antimicrobial resistance due to the antibiotic treatment of acne vulgaris: A review.J. Drugs Dermatol.201096655664 20645527
    [Google Scholar]
  4. TzellosT. ZampeliV. MakrantonakiE. ZouboulisC.C. Treating acne with antibiotic-resistant bacterial colonization.Expert Opin. Pharmacother.20111281233124710.1517/14656566.2011.553192 21355786
    [Google Scholar]
  5. MaysR.M. GordonR.A. WilsonJ.M. SilapuntS. New antibiotic therapies for acne and rosacea.Dermatol. Ther.2012251233710.1111/j.1529‑8019.2012.01497.x 22591497
    [Google Scholar]
  6. SimonartT. Newer approaches to the treatment of acne vulgaris.Am. J. Clin. Dermatol.201213635736410.2165/11632500‑000000000‑00000 22920095
    [Google Scholar]
  7. HarborneJ.B. WilliamsC.A. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992.Phytochemistry200055648150410.1016/S0031‑9422(00)00235‑1 11130659
    [Google Scholar]
  8. LiuR.H. Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet.Adv. Nutr.201343384S392S10.3945/an.112.003517 23674808
    [Google Scholar]
  9. DrenoB. GollnickH.P.M. KangS. Understanding innate immunity and inflammation in acne: Implications for management.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.201529S4Suppl. 431110.1111/jdv.13190 26059728
    [Google Scholar]
  10. NastA. DrénoB. BettoliV. European evidence-based (S3) guidelines for the treatment of acne.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.201226s1Suppl. 112910.1111/j.1468‑3083.2011.04374.x 22356611
    [Google Scholar]
  11. StraussJ.S. KrowchukD.P. LeydenJ.J. Guidelines of care for acne vulgaris management.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.200756465166310.1016/j.jaad.2006.08.048 17276540
    [Google Scholar]
  12. ZaengleinA.L. PathyA.L. SchlosserB.J. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.2016745945973.e3310.1016/j.jaad.2015.12.037 26897386
    [Google Scholar]
  13. ZouboulisC.C. BettoliV. Management of severe acne.Br. J. Dermatol.2015172Suppl. 1273610.1111/bjd.13639 25597508
    [Google Scholar]
  14. TenutaM.C. TundisR. XiaoJ. LoizzoM.R. DugayA. DeguinB. Arbutus species (Ericaceae) as source of valuable bioactive products.Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.201959686488110.1080/10408398.2018.1551777 30582347
    [Google Scholar]
  15. KumarS. Flavonoid derivatives used to treat acne.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. GarnerS.E. EadyA. BennettC. NewtonJ.N. ThomasK. PopescuC.M. Minocycline for acne vulgaris: Efficacy and safety.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.201220128CD00208610.1002/14651858.CD002086.pub2
    [Google Scholar]
  17. ToossiP. FarshchianM. MalekzadF. MohtashamN. Kimyai-AsadiA. Subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline in the treatment of moderate facial acne.J. Drugs Dermatol.200871211491152 19137768
    [Google Scholar]
  18. KircikL.H. Harnessing the anti-inflammatory effects of topical dapsone for management of acne.J. Drugs Dermatol.201096667671 20645528
    [Google Scholar]
  19. KambohAA Flavonoid-rich Foods-Super Foods of the Millennium.Germany: LAP LAMBERT academic publishing Deutschland2012
    [Google Scholar]
  20. TanghettiE. DhawanS. GreenL. Clinical evidence for the role of a topical anti-inflammatory agent in comedonal acne: findings from a randomized study of dapsone gel 5% in combination with tazarotene cream 0.1% in patients with acne vulgaris.J. Drugs Dermatol.2011107783792 21720661
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Mardhiah AdibZ. GhanbarzadehS. KouhsoltaniM. Yari KhosroshahiA. HamishehkarH. The effect of particle size on the deposition of solid lipid nanoparticles in different skin layers: A histological study.Adv. Pharm. Bull.201661313610.15171/apb.2016.06 27123415
    [Google Scholar]
  22. ThappaD.M. AdityanB. KumariR. Scoring systems in acne vulgaris.Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol.200975332332610.4103/0378‑6323.51258 19439902
    [Google Scholar]
  23. AgibaA.M. NasrM. Abdel-HamidS. EldinA.B. GeneidiA.S. Enhancing the intestinal permeation of the chondroprotectivenutraceuticals glucosamine sulphate and chondroitin sulphate using conventional and modified liposomes.Curr. Drug Deliv.201815690791610.2174/1567201815666180123100148 29359666
    [Google Scholar]
  24. AlzohairyMA Therapeutic role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and their active constituents in diseases prevention and treatment.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med20162016
    [Google Scholar]
  25. AmerS.S. NasrM. MamdouhW. SammourO. Insights on the use of nanocarriers for acne alleviation.Curr. Drug Deliv.2018161182510.2174/1567201815666180913144145 30210000
    [Google Scholar]
  26. AndersenF.A. Final report on the safety assessment of ascorbylpalmitate, ascorbyldipalmitate, ascorbyl stearate, erythorbic acid, and sodium erythorbate.Int. J. Toxicol.1999183Suppl.126
    [Google Scholar]
  27. ArefN.E. NasrM. OsmanR. Novel heat stable enterotoxin (STa) immunogen based on cationic nanoliposomes: Preparation, characterization and immunization.J. Vaccines Vaccin.20178118
    [Google Scholar]
  28. AshrafO. NasrM. NebsenM. SaidA.M.A. SammourO. In vitro stabilization and in vivo improvement of ocular pharmacokinetics of the multi-therapeutic agent baicalin: Delineating the most suitable vesicular systems.Int. J. Pharm.20185391-2839410.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.041 29374518
    [Google Scholar]
  29. AtesG. VanhaeckeT. RogiersV. RodriguesR.M. Assaying cellular viability using the neutral red uptake assay.In: Cell Viability Assays.New York, NYHumana Press20171926
    [Google Scholar]
  30. BarakatM.T. MoftahN.H. El KhayyatM.A.M. AbdelhakimZ.A. Significant reduction of inflammation and sebaceous glands size in acne vulgaris lesions after intense pulsed light treatment.Dermatol. Ther. 2017301e1241810.1111/dth.12418 27610955
    [Google Scholar]
  31. BojarR.A. HollandK.T. Acne and propionibacterium acnes.Clin. Dermatol.200422537537910.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.005 15556721
    [Google Scholar]
  32. BriugliaM.L. RotellaC. McFarlaneA. LamprouD.A. Influence of cholesterol on liposome stability and on in vitro drug release.Drug Deliv. Transl. Res.20155323124210.1007/s13346‑015‑0220‑8 25787731
    [Google Scholar]
  33. BseisoE. NasrM. Abd El GawadN.A. SammourO. Recent advances in topical formulation carriers of antifungal agents.Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol.201581545746310.4103/0378‑6323.162328 26261140
    [Google Scholar]
  34. BseisoE.A. NasrM. SammourO.A. Abd El GawadN.A. Novel nail penetration enhancer containing vesicles “nPEVs” for treatment of onychomycosis.Drug Deliv.20162382813281910.3109/10717544.2015.1099059 26447337
    [Google Scholar]
  35. BsiesoE.A. NasrM. MoftahN.H. SammourO.A. Abd El GawadN.A. Could nanovesicles containing a penetration enhancer clinically improve the therapeutic outcome in skin fungal diseases?Nanomedicine201510132017203110.2217/nnm.15.49 26135513
    [Google Scholar]
  36. CalabroA.R. KonsoulaR. BarileF.A. Evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity and paracellular permeability of intact monolayers with mouse embryonic stem cells.Toxicol. In Vitro20082251273128410.1016/j.tiv.2008.02.023 18468840
    [Google Scholar]
  37. ChenY. WuQ. ZhangZ. YuanL. LiuX. ZhouL. Preparation of curcumin-loaded liposomes and evaluation of their skin permeation and pharmacodynamics.Molecules20121755972598710.3390/molecules17055972 22609787
    [Google Scholar]
  38. ChenY. ZhangH. YangJ. SunH. Improved antioxidant capacity of optimization of a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for resveratrol.Molecules20152012211672117710.3390/molecules201219750 26633319
    [Google Scholar]
  39. ChibowskiE. SzcześA. Zeta potential and surface charge of DPPC and DOPC liposomes in the presence of PLC enzyme.Adsorption2016224-675576510.1007/s10450‑016‑9767‑z
    [Google Scholar]
  40. DaliP. GiuglianoE.R. VellozziE.M. SmithM.A. Susceptibilities of propionibacterium acnes ophthalmic isolates to moxifloxacin.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.200145102969297010.1128/AAC.45.10.2969‑2970.2001 11583007
    [Google Scholar]
  41. DuG. HathoutR.M. NasrM. Intradermal vaccination with hollow microneedles: A comparative study of various protein antigen and adjuvant encapsulated nanoparticles.J. Control. Release201726610911810.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.021 28943194
    [Google Scholar]
  42. El ZaafaranyG.M. AwadG.A.S. HolayelS.M. MortadaN.D. Role of edge activators and surface charge in developing ultradeformable vesicles with enhanced skin delivery.Int. J. Pharm.20103971-216417210.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.06.034 20599487
    [Google Scholar]
  43. El-KayalM. NasrM. ElkheshenS. MortadaN. Colloidal (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate vesicular systems for prevention and treatment of skin cancer: A comprehensive experimental study with preclinical investigation.Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.201913710497210.1016/j.ejps.2019.104972 31252049
    [Google Scholar]
  44. ElmowafyE. El-GogaryR.I. RagaiM.H. NasrM. Novel antipsoriatic fluidized spanlastic nanovesicles: In vitro physicochemical characterization, ex vivo cutaneous retention and exploratory clinical therapeutic efficacy.Int. J. Pharm.201956811855610.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118556 31348982
    [Google Scholar]
  45. JooyaA. SiadatA.H. IrajiF. EnshaiehS. The efficacy of 5% topical tea tree oil gel in mild to moderate acne vulgaris: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study.Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol.2007731222510.4103/0378‑6323.30646 17314442
    [Google Scholar]
  46. FabbrociniG. AnnunziataM.C. D’ArcoV. Acne scars: Pathogenesis, classification and treatment.Dermatol. Res. Pract.2010201011310.1155/2010/893080 20981308
    [Google Scholar]
  47. FadelM. KassabK. Abd El FadeelD.A. NasrM. El GhoubaryN.M. Comparative enhancement of curcumin cytotoxic photodynamic activity by nanoliposomes and gold nanoparticles with pharmacological appraisal in HepG2 cancer cells and Erlich solid tumor model.Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.201844111809181610.1080/03639045.2018.1496451 29969300
    [Google Scholar]
  48. FadelM. SamyN. NasrM. AlyoussefA.A. Topical colloidal indocyanine green-mediated photodynamic therapy for treatment of basal cell carcinoma.Pharm. Dev. Technol.201722454555010.3109/10837450.2016.1146294 26895257
    [Google Scholar]
  49. FloresF.C. RibeiroR.F. OuriqueA.F. Nanostructured systems containing an essential oil: protection against volatilization.Quim. Nova201134696897210.1590/S0100‑40422011000600010
    [Google Scholar]
  50. GopinathD. RaviD. RaoB.R. ApteS.S. RenukaD. RambhauD. Ascorbyl palmitate vesicles (Aspasomes): Formation, characterization and applications.Int. J. Pharm.20042711-29511310.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.10.032 15129977
    [Google Scholar]
  51. HammerK.A. Treatment of acne with tea tree oil (melaleuca) products: A review of efficacy, tolerability and potential modes of action.Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents201545210611010.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.10.011 25465857
    [Google Scholar]
  52. HartP.H. BrandC. CarsonC.F. RileyT.V. PragerR.H. Finlay-JonesJ.J. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes.Inflamm. Res.2000491161962610.1007/s000110050639 11131302
    [Google Scholar]
  53. HatemS. NasrM. ElkheshenS.A. GeneidiA.S. Recent advances in antioxidant cosmeceutical topical delivery.Curr. Drug Deliv.201815795396410.2174/1567201815666180214143551 29446743
    [Google Scholar]
  54. HatemS. NasrM. MoftahN.H. RagaiM.H. GeneidiA.S. ElkheshenS.A. Clinical cosmeceutical repurposing of melatonin in androgenic alopecia using nanostructured lipid carriers prepared with antioxidant oils.Expert Opin. Drug Deliv.2018151092793510.1080/17425247.2018.1517740 30169980
    [Google Scholar]
  55. HermanA. HermanA.P. Essential oils and their constituents as skin penetration enhancer for transdermal drug delivery: A review.J. Pharm. Pharmacol.201567447348510.1111/jphp.12334 25557808
    [Google Scholar]
  56. HockleyK. BaxterD. Use of the 3T3 cell-neutral red uptake assay for irritants as an alternative to the rabbit (Draize) test.Food Chem. Toxicol.1986246-747347510.1016/0278‑6915(86)90096‑7
    [Google Scholar]
  57. HossainM.D. SarwarM.S. DewanS.M. HossainM.S. Shahid-Ud-DaulaA. IslamM.S. Investigation of total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Azadirachta indica roots.Avicenna J. Phytomed.20144297102 25050306
    [Google Scholar]
  58. JangdeR. SinghD. Preparation and optimization of quercetin-loaded liposomes for wound healing, using response surface methodology.Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol.201644263564110.3109/21691401.2014.975238 25375215
    [Google Scholar]
  59. JenningV. GyslerA. Schäfer-KortingM. GohlaS.H. Vitamin A loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical use: Occlusive properties and drug targeting to the upper skin.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.200049321121810.1016/S0939‑6411(99)00075‑2 10799811
    [Google Scholar]
  60. JírováD. KejlováK. BrabecM. BendováH. KolářováH. The benefits of the 3T3 NRU test in the safety assessment of cosmetics: Long-term experience from pre-marketing testing in the Czech Republic.Toxicol. In Vitro2003175-679179610.1016/S0887‑2333(03)00125‑5 14599479
    [Google Scholar]
  61. KhanH. AkhtarN. KhanH.M. Synergistic effects of ascorbylpalmitate and sodium ascorbyl phosphate loaded in multiple emulsions on facial skin melanin and erythema content.Biomed. Res.2016272570576
    [Google Scholar]
  62. KirbyC. ClarkeJ. GregoriadisG. Cholesterol content of small unilamellar liposomes controls phospholipid loss to high density lipoproteins in the presence of serum.FEBS Lett.1980111232432810.1016/0014‑5793(80)80819‑2 7358175
    [Google Scholar]
  63. KishishitaM. UshijimaT. OzakiY. ItoY. New medium for isolating propionibacteria and its application to assay of normal flora of human facial skin.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.19804061100110510.1128/aem.40.6.1100‑1105.1980 7470244
    [Google Scholar]
  64. KumarG.S. JayaveeraK.N. KumarC.K. SanjayU.P. SwamyB.M. KumarD.V. Antimicrobial effects of Indian medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria.Trop. J. Pharm. Res.20076271772310.4314/tjpr.v6i2.14651
    [Google Scholar]
  65. KumarR. VijayalakshmiS. NadanasabapathiS. Health benefits of quercetin.Def. Life Sci. J.2017210
    [Google Scholar]
  66. KumariA. YadavS.K. PakadeY.B. SinghB. YadavS.C. Development of biodegradable nanoparticles for delivery of quercetin.Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces201080218419210.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.06.002 20598513
    [Google Scholar]
  67. MorrisG. Use of vitamin C in acne vulgaris.Arch. Dermatol.195470336336410.1001/archderm.1954.01540210103019 13188475
    [Google Scholar]
  68. MouezMA NasrM Abdel-MottalebM GeneidiAS MansourS Composite chitosan-transfersomal vesicles for improved transnasal permeation and bioavailability of verapamil. Int J Biol Macromol201693Pt A591910.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.027 27620464
    [Google Scholar]
  69. MüllerR. PetersenR. HommossA. PardeikeJ. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic dermal products.Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.200759652253010.1016/j.addr.2007.04.012 17602783
    [Google Scholar]
  70. NagarsenkerM.S. LondheV.Y. Preparation and evaluation of a liposomal formulation of sodium cromoglicate.Int. J. Pharm.20032511-2495610.1016/S0378‑5173(02)00583‑5 12527174
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Najafi-TaherR. AmaniA. Nanoemulsions: Colloidal topical delivery systems for antiacne agents-A Mini-Review.J. Nanomed. Res.2017214956
    [Google Scholar]
  72. NasrM. Abdel-HamidS. Optimizing the dermal accumulation of a tazarotene microemulsion using skin deposition modeling.Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.201642463664310.3109/03639045.2015.1062512 26133080
    [Google Scholar]
  73. SainiR.K. ShettyN.P. PrakashM. GiridharP. Effect of dehydration methods on retention of carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity in Moringa oleifera leaves and preparation of a RTE product.J. Food Sci. Technol.20145192176218210.1007/s13197‑014‑1264‑3 25190880
    [Google Scholar]
  74. SessaM. CasazzaA.A. PeregoP. TsaoR. FerrariG. DonsìF. Exploitation of polyphenolic extracts from grape marc as natural antioxidants by encapsulation in lipid-based nanodelivery systems.Food Bioprocess Technol.20136102609262010.1007/s11947‑012‑0911‑9
    [Google Scholar]
  75. ShaabanM. NasrM. TawfikA.A. FadelM. SammourO. Novel bergamot oil nanospanlastics combined with PUVB therapy as a clinically translatable approach for vitiligo treatment.Drug Deliv. Transl. Res.2019961106111610.1007/s13346‑019‑00653‑y 31187447
    [Google Scholar]
  76. SharmaA. SharmaU.S. Liposomes in drug delivery: Progress and limitations.Int. J. Pharm.1997154212314010.1016/S0378‑5173(97)00135‑X
    [Google Scholar]
  77. SinghA.S. VengurlekarP.R. RathodS.U. Design, development and characterization of liposomal neem gel.Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res.20145140148
    [Google Scholar]
  78. CunliffeW.J. DanbyF.W. DunlapF. GoldM.H. GrattonD. GreenspanA. Randomised, controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of adapalene gel 0.1% and tretinoin cream 0.05% in patients with acne vulgaris.Eur. J. Dermatol.2002124350354 12095880
    [Google Scholar]
  79. SternR.S. Acne therapy.Arch. Dermatol.1996132777678010.1001/archderm.1996.03890310060008 8678569
    [Google Scholar]
  80. JonesE.L. CrumleyA.F. Topical erythromycin vs blank vehicle in a multiclinic acne study.Arch. Dermatol.1981117955155310.1001/archderm.1981.01650090033020 6457568
    [Google Scholar]
  81. HogewoningA.A. KoelemijI. AmoahA.S. Prevalence and risk factors of inflammatory acne vulgaris in rural and urban Ghanaian schoolchildren.Br. J. Dermatol.2009161247547710.1111/j.1365‑2133.2009.09259.x 19545298
    [Google Scholar]
  82. MillsC.M. PetersT.J. FinlayA.Y. Does smoking influence acne?Clin. Exp. Dermatol.199318210010110.1111/j.1365‑2230.1993.tb00986.x 8481981
    [Google Scholar]
  83. KlazI. KochbaI. ShohatT. ZarkaS. BrennerS. Severe acne vulgaris and tobacco smoking in young men.J. Invest. Dermatol.200612681749175210.1038/sj.jid.5700326 16645586
    [Google Scholar]
  84. EhrmannD.A. Polycystic ovary syndrome.N. Engl. J. Med.2005352121223123610.1056/NEJMra041536 15788499
    [Google Scholar]
  85. RosenbergM. RosenbergM. Self-esteem scale. Appendix D.In: Society and the Adolescent Self-Image.Princeton, NJPrinceton University Press196510.1515/9781400876136
    [Google Scholar]
  86. GoldbergD.P. User’s guide to the General Health Questionnaire.Windsor1988
    [Google Scholar]
  87. FinlayA.Y. KhanG.K. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)-a simple practical measure for routine clinical use.Clin. Exp. Dermatol.199419321021610.1111/j.1365‑2230.1994.tb01167.x 8033378
    [Google Scholar]
  88. JenkinsonC. CoulterA. WrightL. Short form 36 (SF36) health survey questionnaire: Normative data for adults of working age.BMJ199330668901437144010.1136/bmj.306.6890.1437 8518639
    [Google Scholar]
  89. HahmB.J. MinS.U. YoonM.Y. Changes of psychiatric parameters and their relationships by oral isotretinoin in acne patients.J. Dermatol.200936525526110.1111/j.1346‑8138.2009.00635.x 19382995
    [Google Scholar]
  90. SmithardA. GlazebrookC. WilliamsH.C. Acne prevalence, knowledge about acne and psychological morbidity in mid-adolescence: A community-based study.Br. J. Dermatol.2001145227427910.1046/j.1365‑2133.2001.04346.x 11531791
    [Google Scholar]
  91. SlevinM.L. PlantH. LynchD. DrinkwaterJ. GregoryW.M. Who should measure quality of life, the doctor or the patient?Br. J. Cancer198857110911210.1038/bjc.1988.20 3348942
    [Google Scholar]
  92. ChrenM.M. LasekR.J. QuinnL.M. CovinskyK.E. Convergent and discriminant validity of a generic and a disease-specific instrument to measure quality of life in patients with skin disease.J. Invest. Dermatol.1997108110310710.1111/1523‑1747.ep12285650 8980297
    [Google Scholar]
  93. EichenfieldD.Z. SpragueJ. EichenfieldL.F. Management of acne vulgaris: A review.JAMA2021326202055206710.1001/jama.2021.17633 34812859
    [Google Scholar]
  94. MarcinkiewiczJ. Wojas-PelcA. WalczewskaM. Topical taurine bromamine, a new candidate in the treatment of moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris: A pilot study.Eur. J. Dermatol.2008184433439 18573718
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Del RossoJ.Q. The use of sodium sulfacetamide 10%-sulfur 5% emollient foam in the treatment of acne vulgaris.J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol.2009282629 20729951
    [Google Scholar]
  96. KhungerN. Standard guidelines of care for acne surgery.Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol.200874Suppl.S28S36 18688101
    [Google Scholar]
  97. ZekeA. MishevaM. ReményiA. BogoyevitchM.A. JNK signaling: Regulation and functions based on complex protein-protein partnerships.Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.201680379383510.1128/MMBR.00043‑14 27466283
    [Google Scholar]
  98. BodeA.M. DongZ. The functional contrariety of JNK.Mol. Carcinog.200746859159810.1002/mc.20348
    [Google Scholar]
  99. BogoyevitchM.A. KobeB. Uses for JNK: The many and varied substrates of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases.Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.20067041061109510.1128/MMBR.00025‑06 17158707
    [Google Scholar]
  100. SekiE. BrennerD.A. KarinM. A liver full of JNK: Signaling in regulation of cell function and disease pathogenesis, and clinical approaches.Gastroenterology2012143230732010.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.004 22705006
    [Google Scholar]
  101. KusumaningrumN. LeeD.H. YoonH.S. KimY.K. ParkC.H. ChungJ.H. Gasdermin C is induced by ultraviolet light and contributes to MMP-1 expression via activation of ERK and JNK pathways.J. Dermatol. Sci.201890218018910.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.01.015 29428815
    [Google Scholar]
  102. KimS. ChenJ. ChengT. PubChem 2019 update: Improved access to chemical data.Nucleic Acids Res.201947D1D1102D110910.1093/nar/gky1033 30371825
    [Google Scholar]
  103. SandeepG. NagasreeK.P. HanishaM. KumarM.M.K. AUDocker LE: A gui for virtual screening with autodock vina.BMC Res. Notes20114144510.1186/1756‑0500‑4‑445 22026969
    [Google Scholar]
  104. StudioD. Dassaultsystemes BIOVIA, Discovery studio modelling environment, Release 45.AccelrysSoftw Inc.201598104
    [Google Scholar]
  105. YoonW.J. KimS.S. OhT.H. LeeN.H. HyunC.G. Abies koreana essential oil inhibits drug-resistant skin pathogen growth and LPS-induced inflammatory effects of murine macrophage.Lipids200944547147610.1007/s11745‑009‑3297‑3 19350303
    [Google Scholar]
  106. JainA. BasalE. Inhibition of propionibacterium acnes-induced mediators of inflammation by Indian herbs.Phytomedicine2003101343810.1078/094471103321648638 12622461
    [Google Scholar]
  107. NamC. KimS. SimY. ChangI. Anti-acne effects of Oriental herb extracts: A novel screening method to select anti-acne agents.Skin Pharmacol. Physiol.2003162849010.1159/000069030 12637783
    [Google Scholar]
  108. BaserK.H.C. DemirciB. IscanG. The essential oil constituents and antimicrobial activity of Anthemis aciphylla BOISS. var. discoidea BOISS.Chem. Pharm. Bull.200654222222510.1248/cpb.54.222 16462068
    [Google Scholar]
  109. LimH. JungH.A. ChoiJ.S. KimY.S. KangS.S. KimH.P. Anti-inflammatory activity of the constituents of the roots of Aralia continentalis.Arch. Pharm. Res.20093291237124310.1007/s12272‑009‑1909‑3 19784580
    [Google Scholar]
  110. HayesA.J. MarkovicB. Toxicity of Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (Lemon myrtle). Part 1. Antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity.Food Chem. Toxicol.200240453554310.1016/S0278‑6915(01)00103‑X 11893412
    [Google Scholar]
  111. ChomnawangM.T. SurassmoS. NukoolkarnV.S. GritsanapanW. Antimicrobial effects of Thai medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria.J. Ethnopharmacol.20051011-333033310.1016/j.jep.2005.04.038 16009519
    [Google Scholar]
  112. MishraA. KumarS. BhargavaA. SharmaB. PandeyA.K. Studies on in vitro antioxidant and antistaphylococcal activities of some important medicinal plants.Cell. Mol. Biol.20115711625 21366958
    [Google Scholar]
  113. RoopashreeT.S. RamanD. Shobha RaniR.H. NarendraC. Antibacterial activity of antipsoriatic herbs: Cassia tora, Momordica charantia and Calendula officinalis.Int. J. Appl. Res. Nat. Prod.200812028
    [Google Scholar]
  114. LeeJ.H. ShimJ.S. ChungM.S. LimS.T. KimK.H. In vitro anti‐adhesive activity of green tea extract against pathogen adhesion.Phytother. Res.200923446046610.1002/ptr.2609 19107860
    [Google Scholar]
  115. KimK.H. KimS. JungM.Y. HamI.H. WhangW.K. Anti-inflammatory phenylpropanoid glycosides from Clerodendron trichotomum leaves.Arch. Pharm. Res.200932171310.1007/s12272‑009‑1112‑6 19183871
    [Google Scholar]
  116. EnkR. EhehaltR. GrahamJ.E. BierhausA. RemppisA. GretenH.J. Differential effect of Rhizoma coptidis and its main alkaloid compound berberine on TNF-α induced NFκB translocation in human keratinocytes.J. Ethnopharmacol.2007109117017510.1016/j.jep.2006.07.013 16939707
    [Google Scholar]
  117. KumarG.S. JayaveeraK.N. AshokC.K. SwamyB.M.V. SanjayP.U. Antibacterial screening of selected indian medicinal plants against acne inducing bacteria.Pharmacologyonline200723447
    [Google Scholar]
  118. SharmaM. SchoopR. SuterA. HudsonJ.B. The potential use of Echinacea in acne: Control of Propionibacterium acnes growth and inflammation.Phytother. Res.201125451752110.1002/ptr.3288 20830697
    [Google Scholar]
  119. TakahashiT. KokuboR. SakainoM. Antimicrobial activities of eucalyptus leaf extracts and flavonoids from Eucalyptus maculata.Lett. Appl. Microbiol.2004391606410.1111/j.1472‑765X.2004.01538.x 15189289
    [Google Scholar]
  120. TsaiT-H. TsaiT-H. WuW-H. TsengJ.T-P. TsaiP-J. In vitro antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of herbs against Propionibacterium acnes.Food Chem.2010119396496810.1016/j.foodchem.2009.07.062
    [Google Scholar]
  121. MuteeA.F. SalhimiS.M. YamM.F. In vivo anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant activities of peperomia pellucida.Int. J. Pharmacol.20106568669010.3923/ijp.2010.686.690
    [Google Scholar]
  122. ChiY.S. LimH. ParkH. KimH.P. Effects of wogonin, a plant flavone from Scutellaria radix, on skin inflammation: In vivo regulation of inflammation-associated gene expression.Biochem. Pharmacol.20036671271127810.1016/S0006‑2952(03)00463‑5 14505806
    [Google Scholar]
  123. DharmasiriM.G. JayakodyJ.R.A.C. GalhenaG. LiyanageS.S.P. RatnasooriyaW.D. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of Vitex negundo.J. Ethnopharmacol.2003872-319920610.1016/S0378‑8741(03)00159‑4 12860308
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/iddt/10.2174/0118715265299763240818161040
Loading
/content/journals/iddt/10.2174/0118715265299763240818161040
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:
    Review Article
Keyword(s): Acne; antibiotics; cosmeceuticals; flavonoids; skin; treatment
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test