Molecular Mechanisms of Nickel-Induced Carcinogenesis

Background: The increased use of heavy metal nickel in modern industries results in increased environmental impact. Occupational and environmental exposure to nickel is closely linked to an increased risk of human lung cancer and nasal cancer. Objective: Unlike other heavy metal carcinogens, nickel has weak mutagenic activity. Carcinogenesis caused by nickel is intensively studied, but the precise mechanism of action is not yet known. Results: Epigenetic changes, activation of hypoxia signaling pathways, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered to be the major molecular mechanisms involved in nickelinduced carcinogenesis. Conclusion: This review provides insights into current research on nickel-induced carcinogenesis and suggests possible effective therapeutic strategies for nickel-induced carcinogenesis.