Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on Angiogenesis in Regenerative Medicine

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent stem cells isolated from adipose tissue (AD-MSCs), bone marrow (BM-MSCs) and umbilical cord (UC-MSCs). Due to their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, homing to injury sites and immunosuppressive properties have been proposed as a promising option in regenerative medicine. Studies have shown that the majority of regenerative effects of MSCs are exerted through their paracrine effects. Moreover, it has been shown that some of the regenerative functions of MSCs are mediated by exosomes, and MSC-derived exosomes play a vital role in the treatment of diseases. Since angiogenesis is a crucial process in the regeneration of damaged tissues, this review discusses the angiogenic capabilities of MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-DEs) and their mechanisms that are responsible for the control of angiogenesis in wound healing, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and bone defects.