Skip to content
2000
Volume 21, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 1381-6128
  • E-ISSN: 1873-4286

Abstract

Treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is rarely personalized, since predictors of disease course are lacking. The severity of RA can be measured objectively by radiographic progression. The most reliable way to measure radiographic progression is in a longitudinal cohort with serial time points, scoring on a quantitative scale, with a validated scoring method and trained readers. Current models used to predict radiographic progression are based on C-reactive protein and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. Other biomarkers could increase the prognostic ability of these models. In this review, we evaluated the published (and partly nonpublished) data on genetic, serologic, and imaging biomarkers for the severity of joint destruction in RA. We evaluated variants in 10 genes (CD40, IL2RA, IL4R, IL15, OPG, DKK1, SOST, GRZB, MMP9, and SPAG16). In 5 variants (IL2RA, DKK1, GRZB, MMP9, and SPAG16), we found evidence of an association at the functional level. We evaluated several serological biomarkers, namely, autoantibodies (RF, ACPA, anti-CarP), markers related to inflammation (ESR, CRP), and proteinases or components of the extracellular matrix of bone and cartilage (MMP3, CTX-I, CTX-II, COMP, TIMP1, PYD, RANKL/OPG, CXCL13). Finally, we evaluated markers that can be visualized by ultrasound or MRI, including erosions, bone marrow edema, synovitis, and tenosynovitis. Several studies showed that bone marrow edema and synovitis on MRI are robust predictors of radiographic progression. Some studies showed that inflammation detected with ultrasound predicted radiographic progression. Future studies will reveal whether adding and combining all these different biomarkers will increase the accuracy of risk models predicting radiographic progression in RA.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cpd/10.2174/1381612820666140825122525
2015-01-01
2025-05-12
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/content/journals/cpd/10.2174/1381612820666140825122525
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test