SRC: Regulation, Role in Human Carcinogenesis and Pharmacological Inhibitors

The cellular signaling machinery is a complex network of cross-talking proteins that enables dynamic communication between upstream causal factors and downstream effectors. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases, including Src, are the intermediates of signal transfer, controlling pathways as diverse as cell growth, death, differentiation, migration, and genome maintenance. When expressed as viral genes these proteins are potent carcinogens. Furthermore, analogous genetic alterations are observed, albeit not frequently, in human tumors. In a variety of tumors including those derived from the colon and breast, Src is either over expressed or constitutively active in a large percentage of patients. Increased expression or activity of Src correlates with the stage and metastatic potential of some neoplasia. The detailed knowledge of Src activation facilitates rational design of drugs that potentially interfere with either binding of ATP or substrate peptides. Several existing inhibitors are available as lead compounds for further development of Src inhibitors.