Atomic Layers in Electrochemical Biosensing Applications - Graphene and Beyond

The possibility of interacting with individual atoms in an atomically layered 2- dimensional (2D) material brings an ideal platform for highly sensitive and selective electrochemical biosensing. The discovery of graphene opened new avenues in biosensor development, and it also brought forward the possibilities of other layered materials based on sensing platforms. Other 2D atomic layers include various functional derivatives of graphene (graphene nanoribbons, graphene quantum dots, graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO, doped graphene etc.), metal chalcogenides and various inorganic 2D structures. This article reviews the recent trends in 2D layers based electrochemical biosensing, and future scope of this area. The first part of the article describes the research on graphene and its functional derivatives based on various bio-analyte sensors. This includes the graphene based enzymatic and non-enzymatic sensing possibilities. Later part of the article reviews recent developments in other 2D materials based sensing. The review concludes with a short account on the future scope of this research area and the possibilities of these sensors into clinical translation.