Clinical Biomarkers and Novel Drug Targets to Cut Gordian Knots of Alzheimer's Disease

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD), the primary cause of dementia, escalating worldwide, has no proper diagnosis or effective treatment. Neuronal cell death and impairment of cognitive abilities, possibly triggered by several brain mechanisms, are the most significant characteristic of this disorder. Methods: A multitude of pharmacological targets have been identified for potential drug design against AD. Although many advances in treatment strategies have been made to correct various abnormalities, these often exhibit limited clinical significance because this disease aggressively progresses into different regions of the brain, causing severe deterioration. Results: These biomarkers can be game-changers for early detection and timely monitoring of such disorders. Conclusion: This review covers clinically significant biomarkers of AD for precise and early monitoring of risk factors and stages of this disease, the potential site of action and novel targets for drugs, and pharmacological approaches to clinical management.