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image of Ag85B-Induced M1 Macrophage Polarization via the TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB Axis Leading to Bronchial Epithelial Cell Damage and TH17/Treg Imbalance

Abstract

Background

Antigen 85B (Ag85B) is a signature antigen of (MTB). In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of macrophages stimulated with Ag85B on bronchial epithelial cells and T cells, as well as the underlying mechanisms involved.

Methods

We used Ag85B to stimulate macrophage and investigated the impact of Ag85B on macrophage polarization. We assessed the impact of TLR4 on Ag85B-mediated macrophage polarization by silencing TLR4. Additionally, the regulatory role of TLR4 on the TRAF6/NF-κB pathway was evaluated through immunoblotting. Activated macrophages with Ag85B were co-cultured with bronchial epithelial cells and T cells, respectively. Through immunoblotting quantification, biochemical methods, and flow cytometry, we explored the effects and molecular mechanisms of Ag85B-induced macrophage activation on bronchial epithelial cell damage and T-cell transformation.

Results

In macrophages stimulated with Ag85B, levels of M1 polarization-related genes (CXCL9, CXCL10, and iNOS) and cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-12) were increased, and the M1/M2 ratio was elevated. TLR4 silence inhibited the effects of Ag85B on macrophages and decreased TRAF6 and p-NF-κB/NF-κB levels. TRAF6 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of TLR4 on macrophage stimulation with Ag85B. After co-culturing with macrophages induced by Ag85B, MBEC cell proliferation was inhibited, apoptosis was promoted, and the TH17/Treg ratio of T cells was increased. Silencing TLR4 reversed the impact of Ag85B-induced macrophage polarization on bronchial epithelial cells and T cells, which was further reversed by TRAF6 overexpression.

Conclusion

Ag85B promoted M1 polarization in macrophages through the TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB axis, resulting in bronchial epithelial cell damage and an imbalance in TH17/Treg cells.

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2025-01-15
2025-06-20

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Ag85B-Induced M1 Macrophage Polarization via the TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB Axis Leading to Bronchial Epithelial Cell Damage and TH17/Treg Imbalance
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0115665240319773241204073135
/content/journals/cmm/10.2174/0115665240319773241204073135
/content/journals/cmm/10.2174/0115665240319773241204073135
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  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keywords: macrophages ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Ag85B ; bronchial epithelial cells ; TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB ; TH17/Treg

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