Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Current HIV Research
  4. Volume 22, Issue 1
  5. Article
Volume 22, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1570-162X
  • E-ISSN: 1873-4251

Abstract

The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulting from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to significant morbidity and mortality in patients and put a strain on healthcare systems worldwide. The clinical characteristics and results of COVID-19 in immunosuppressed patients, such as people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH), considered at higher risk of severe disease, are not well-characterized. Accumulated evidence indicates that COVID-19 and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can interact in various ways. This review explored the similarities and differences in virology between SARS-CoV-2 and HIV, the effect of the COVID-19 vaccine on PLWH, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PLWH care and prevention, and the influence of HIV-related factors on COVID-19. Discovering the potential link between HIV and COVID-19 may provide a novel way to avoid the factors of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection and advance future research.

© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/chr/10.2174/011570162X282739231222062830
2023-12-27
2025-01-26

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/chr/10.2174/011570162X282739231222062830
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. OrganizationW.H. HO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-11 MarchGeneva, Switzerland2020
     [Google Scholar]
  2. WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) data.2023
     [Google Scholar]
  3. WHO Data on the size of the HIV epidemic.2021
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: A collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies.Lancet2008372963529329910.1016/S0140‑6736(08)61113‑718657708
     [Google Scholar]
  5. LiM. WangH. TianL. PangZ. YangQ. HuangT. FanJ. SongL. TongY. FanH. COVID-19 vaccine development: Milestones, lessons and prospects.Signal Transduct. Target. Ther.20227114610.1038/s41392‑022‑00996‑y35504917
     [Google Scholar]
  6. MenzaT.W. CapizziJ. ZlotA.I. BarberM. BushL. COVID-19 vaccine uptake among people living with HIV.AIDS Behav.20222672224222810.1007/s10461‑021‑03570‑934994913
     [Google Scholar]
  7. ChunH.M. MilliganK. AgyemangE. FordN. RangarajA. DesaiS. Wilder-SmithA. VitoriaM. ZuluI. A systematic review of COVID-19 vaccine antibody responses in people with HIV.Open Forum Infect. Dis.2022911ofac57910.1093/ofid/ofac57936438620
     [Google Scholar]
  8. D’SouzaG. SpringerG. GustafsonD. KassayeS. AlcaideM.L. RamirezC. SharmaA. PalellaF.J. TienP.C. DetelsR. KempfM.C. LahiriC.D. RinaldoC.R. FrenchA.L. MargolickJ.B. AdimoraA.A. COVID-19 symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 infection among people living with HIV in the US: The MACS/WIHS combined cohort study.HIV Res. Clin. Pract.202021513013910.1080/25787489.2020.184452133211636
     [Google Scholar]
  9. SpinelliM.A. JonesB.L.H. GandhiM. COVID-19 outcomes and risk factors among people living with HIV.Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep.202219542543210.1007/s11904‑022‑00618‑w35930187
     [Google Scholar]
  10. CooperT.J. WoodwardB.L. AlomS. HarkyA. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes in HIV/AIDS patients: A systematic review.HIV Med.202021956757710.1111/hiv.1291132671970
     [Google Scholar]
  11. MirzaeiH. McFarlandW. KaramouzianM. SharifiH. COVID-19 among people living with HIV: A systematic review.AIDS Behav.2021251859210.1007/s10461‑020‑02983‑232734438
     [Google Scholar]
  12. PrabhuS. PoongulaliS. KumarasamyN. Impact of COVID-19 on people living with HIV: A review.J. Virus Erad.20206410001910.1016/j.jve.2020.10001933083001
     [Google Scholar]
  13. DuerrR. CrosseK.M. Valero-JimenezA.M. DittmannM. SARS-CoV-2 portrayed against HIV: Contrary viral strategies in similar disguise.Microorganisms202197138910.3390/microorganisms907138934198973
     [Google Scholar]
  14. RenL.L. WangY.M. WuZ.Q. XiangZ.C. GuoL. XuT. JiangY.Z. XiongY. LiY.J. LiX.W. LiH. FanG.H. GuX.Y. XiaoY. GaoH. XuJ.Y. YangF. WangX.M. WuC. ChenL. LiuY.W. LiuB. YangJ. WangX.R. DongJ. LiL. HuangC.L. ZhaoJ.P. HuY. ChengZ.S. LiuL.L. QianZ.H. QinC. JinQ. CaoB. WangJ.W. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: A descriptive study.Chin. Med. J.202013391015102410.1097/CM9.000000000000072232004165
     [Google Scholar]
  15. BaltimoreD. Expression of animal virus genomes.Bacteriol. Rev.197135323524110.1128/br.35.3.235‑241.19714329869
     [Google Scholar]
  16. MahmoudabadiG. PhillipsR. A comprehensive and quantitative exploration of thousands of viral genomes.eLife20187e3195510.7554/eLife.3195529624169
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Fanales-BelasioE. RaimondoM. SuligoiB. ButtòS. HIV virology and pathogenetic mechanisms of infection: A brief overview.Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita201046151410.1590/S0021‑2571201000010000220348614
     [Google Scholar]
  18. WuF. ZhaoS. YuB. ChenY.M. WangW. SongZ.G. HuY. TaoZ.W. TianJ.H. PeiY.Y. YuanM.L. ZhangY.L. DaiF.H. LiuY. WangQ.M. ZhengJ.J. XuL. HolmesE.C. ZhangY.Z. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China.Nature2020579779826526910.1038/s41586‑020‑2008‑332015508
     [Google Scholar]
  19. ShawG.M. HunterE. HIV transmission.Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med.2012211a00696510.1101/cshperspect.a00696523043157
     [Google Scholar]
  20. General Office of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Diagnostic and treatment protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia2020113
     [Google Scholar]
  21. ReinA. RNA packaging in HIV.Trends Microbiol.201927871572310.1016/j.tim.2019.04.00331085095
     [Google Scholar]
  22. SavastanoA. Ibáñez de OpakuaA. RankovicM. ZweckstetterM. Nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 phase separates into RNA-rich polymerase-containing condensates.Nat. Commun.2020111604110.1038/s41467‑020‑19843‑133247108
     [Google Scholar]
  23. MatteiS. GlassB. HagenW.J.H. KräusslichH.G. BriggsJ.A.G. The structure and flexibility of conical HIV-1 capsids determined within intact virions.Science201635463181434143710.1126/science.aah497227980210
     [Google Scholar]
  24. CampbellE.M. HopeT.J. HIV-1 capsid: The multifaceted key player in HIV-1 infection.Nat. Rev. Microbiol.201513847148310.1038/nrmicro350326179359
     [Google Scholar]
  25. ForchetteL. SebastianW. LiuT. A comprehensive review of COVID-19 virology, vaccines, variants, and therapeutics.Curr. Med. Sci.20214161037105110.1007/s11596‑021‑2395‑134241776
     [Google Scholar]
  26. ZieglerC.G.K. AllonS.J. NyquistS.K. MbanoI.M. MiaoV.N. TzouanasC.N. CaoY. YousifA.S. BalsJ. HauserB.M. FeldmanJ. MuusC. WadsworthM.H.II KazerS.W. HughesT.K. DoranB. GatterG.J. VukovicM. TaliaferroF. MeadB.E. GuoZ. WangJ.P. GrasD. PlaisantM. AnsariM. AngelidisI. AdlerH. SucreJ.M.S. TaylorC.J. LinB. WaghrayA. MitsialisV. DwyerD.F. BuchheitK.M. BoyceJ.A. BarrettN.A. LaidlawT.M. CarrollS.L. ColonnaL. TkachevV. PetersonC.W. YuA. ZhengH.B. GideonH.P. WinchellC.G. LinP.L. BingleC.D. SnapperS.B. KropskiJ.A. TheisF.J. SchillerH.B. ZaragosiL.E. BarbryP. LeslieA. KiemH.P. FlynnJ.L. FortuneS.M. BergerB. FinbergR.W. KeanL.S. GarberM. SchmidtA.G. LingwoodD. ShalekA.K. Ordovas-MontanesJ. BanovichN. BarbryP. BrazmaA. DesaiT. DuongT.E. EickelbergO. FalkC. FarzanM. GlassI. HaniffaM. HorvathP. HungD. KaminskiN. KrasnowM. KropskiJ.A. KuhnemundM. LafyatisR. LeeH. LeroyS. LinnarsonS. LundebergJ. MeyerK. MisharinA. NawijnM. NikolicM.Z. Ordovas-MontanesJ. Pe’erD. PowellJ. QuakeS. RajagopalJ. TataP.R. RawlinsE.L. RegevA. ReyfmanP.A. RojasM. RosenO. Saeb-ParsyK. SamakovlisC. SchillerH. SchultzeJ.L. SeiboldM.A. ShalekA.K. ShepherdD. SpenceJ. SpiraA. SunX. TeichmannS. TheisF. TsankovA. van den BergeM. von PapenM. WhitsettJ. XavierR. XuY. ZaragosiL-E. ZhangK. HCA Lung Biological Network. Electronic address: [email protected] HCA Lung Biological Network SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues.Cell2020181510161035.e1910.1016/j.cell.2020.04.03532413319
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Illanes-ÁlvarezF. Márquez-RuizD. Márquez-CoelloM. Cuesta-SanchoS. Girón-GonzálezJ.A. Similarities and differences between HIV and SARS-CoV-2.Int. J. Med. Sci.202118384685110.7150/ijms.5013333437221
     [Google Scholar]
  28. WattsJ.M. DangK.K. GorelickR.J. LeonardC.W. BessJ.W.Jr SwanstromR. BurchC.L. WeeksK.M. Architecture and secondary structure of an entire HIV-1 RNA genome.Nature2009460725671171610.1038/nature0823719661910
     [Google Scholar]
  29. FungM. BabikJ.M. COVID-19 in immunocompromised hosts: What we know so far.Clin. Infect. Dis.202172234035010.1093/cid/ciaa86333501974
     [Google Scholar]
  30. WangW. TangJ. WeiF. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China.J. Med. Virol.202092444144710.1002/jmv.2568931994742
     [Google Scholar]
  31. HuangC. WangY. LiX. RenL. ZhaoJ. HuY. ZhangL. FanG. XuJ. GuX. ChengZ. YuT. XiaJ. WeiY. WuW. XieX. YinW. LiH. LiuM. XiaoY. GaoH. GuoL. XieJ. WangG. JiangR. GaoZ. JinQ. WangJ. CaoB. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.Lancet20203951022349750610.1016/S0140‑6736(20)30183‑531986264
     [Google Scholar]
  32. CarlosW.G. Dela CruzC.S. CaoB. PasnickS. JamilS. Novel wuhan (2019-nCoV) coronavirus.Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.202020147P810.1164/rccm.2014P732004066
     [Google Scholar]
  33. BanghamC.R.M. McMichaelA.J. Why the long latent period?Nature1990348630038810.1038/348388a01978928
     [Google Scholar]
  34. VaillantA.J. GulickP. HIV disease. StatPearls.StatPearls Publishing2019
     [Google Scholar]
  35. LiQ. GuanX. WuP. WangX. ZhouL. TongY. RenR. LeungK.S.M. LauE.H.Y. WongJ.Y. XingX. XiangN. WuY. LiC. ChenQ. LiD. LiuT. ZhaoJ. LiuM. TuW. ChenC. JinL. YangR. WangQ. ZhouS. WangR. LiuH. LuoY. LiuY. ShaoG. LiH. TaoZ. YangY. DengZ. LiuB. MaZ. ZhangY. ShiG. LamT.T.Y. WuJ.T. GaoG.F. CowlingB.J. YangB. LeungG.M. FengZ. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia.N. Engl. J. Med.2020382131199120710.1056/NEJMoa200131631995857
     [Google Scholar]
  36. LiL. HuangT. WangY. WangZ. LiangY. HuangT. ZhangH. SunW. WangY. COVID-19 patients’ clinical characteristics, discharge rate, and fatality rate of meta-analysis.J. Med. Virol.202092657758310.1002/jmv.2575732162702
     [Google Scholar]
  37. LiuY. HanJ. LiX. ChenD. ZhaoX. QiuY. ZhangL. XiaoJ. LiB. ZhaoH. COVID-19 vaccination in people living with HIV (PLWH) in China: A cross sectional study of vaccine hesitancy, safety, and immunogenicity.Vaccines2021912145810.3390/vaccines912145834960204
     [Google Scholar]
  38. DulyK. FarrayeF.A. BhatS. COVID-19 vaccine use in immunocompromised patients: A commentary on evidence and recommendations.Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm.2022792637110.1093/ajhp/zxab34434455440
     [Google Scholar]
  39. VasanS. PitisuttithumP. Vaccine development lessons between HIV and COVID-19.Lancet Infect. Dis.202121675976110.1016/S1473‑3099(21)00274‑734051181
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Rerks-NgarmS. PitisuttithumP. NitayaphanS. KaewkungwalJ. ChiuJ. ParisR. PremsriN. NamwatC. de SouzaM. AdamsE. BenensonM. GurunathanS. TartagliaJ. McNeilJ.G. FrancisD.P. StableinD. BirxD.L. ChunsuttiwatS. KhamboonruangC. ThongcharoenP. RobbM.L. MichaelN.L. KunasolP. KimJ.H. MOPH-TAVEG Investigators Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to prevent HIV-1 infection in Thailand.N. Engl. J. Med.2009361232209222010.1056/NEJMoa090849219843557
     [Google Scholar]
  41. HanX. YuX. HanY. FangQ. ShenC. LiuH. WangP. WangY. LiX. Safety and immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines among people living with HIV in China.Infect. Drug Resist.2022152091210010.2147/IDR.S35312735480056
     [Google Scholar]
  42. KangL. ShangW. GaoP. WangY. LiuJ. LiuM. Immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccines among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Vaccines2022109156910.3390/vaccines1009156936146647
     [Google Scholar]
  43. ValléeA. FournE. MajerholcC. ToucheP. ZucmanD. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among french people living with HIV.Vaccines20219430210.3390/vaccines904030233804808
     [Google Scholar]
  44. BogartL.M. OjikutuB.O. TyagiK. KleinD.J. MutchlerM.G. DongL. LawrenceS.J. ThomasD.R. KellmanS. COVID-19 related medical mistrust, health impacts, and potential vaccine hesitancy among black americans living with HIV.J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.202186220020710.1097/QAI.000000000000257033196555
     [Google Scholar]
  45. YaoY. ChaiR. YangJ. ZhangX. HuangX. YuM. FuG. LanG. QiaoY. ZhouQ. LiS. XuJ. Reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among chinese people living with HIV/AIDS: Structural equation modeling analysis.JMIR Public Health Surveill.202286e3399510.2196/3399535486810
     [Google Scholar]
  46. KaidaA. BrottoL.A. MurrayM.C.M. CôtéH.C.F. AlbertA.Y. NicholsonV. GormleyR. GordonS. BoothA. SmithL.W. BaaskeA. GaleaL.A.M. SadaranganiM. OgilvieG.S. Intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine by HIV status among a population-based sample of women and gender diverse individuals in British Columbia, Canada.AIDS Behav.20222672242225510.1007/s10461‑022‑03577‑w35020094
     [Google Scholar]
  47. SadoffJ. GrayG. VandeboschA. CárdenasV. ShukarevG. GrinsztejnB. GoepfertP.A. TruyersC. FennemaH. SpiessensB. OffergeldK. ScheperG. TaylorK.L. RobbM.L. TreanorJ. BarouchD.H. StoddardJ. RyserM.F. MarovichM.A. NeuzilK.M. CoreyL. CauwenberghsN. TannerT. HardtK. Ruiz-GuiñazúJ. Le GarsM. SchuitemakerH. Van HoofJ. StruyfF. DouoguihM. ENSEMBLE Study Group Safety and efficacy of single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against Covid-19.N. Engl. J. Med.2021384232187220110.1056/NEJMoa210154433882225
     [Google Scholar]
  48. LogunovD.Y. LivermoreD.M. OrnellesD.A. BayerW. MarquesE. CzerkinskyC. DolzhikovaI.V. ErtlH.C.J. COVID-19 vaccination and HIV-1 acquisition.Lancet202239910333e34e3510.1016/S0140‑6736(22)00332‑435397866
     [Google Scholar]
  49. PAHO Ten threats to global health in 2019.2019
     [Google Scholar]
  50. WuZ. McGooganJ.M. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China.JAMA2020323131239124210.1001/jama.2020.264832091533
     [Google Scholar]
  51. WHO COVID-19 vaccines and HIV.2021
     [Google Scholar]
  52. FrescuraL. Godfrey-FaussettP. Feizzadeh AA. El-SadrW. SyarifO. GhysP.D. on and behalf of the 2025 testing treatment target Working Group Achieving the 95 95 95 targets for all: A pathway to ending AIDS.PLoS One2022178e027240510.1371/journal.pone.027240535925943
     [Google Scholar]
  53. GuaraldiG. MilicJ. MartinezE. KamarulzamanA. MussiniC. WatersL. PozniakA. MallonP. RockstrohJ.K. LazarusJ.V. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care models during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era.Clin. Infect. Dis.2021735e1222e122710.1093/cid/ciaa186434492689
     [Google Scholar]
  54. RoyK. HimelfarbA. KarrahK. PorterfieldL. ParemoerL. SeragH. LeeW.C. The social, behavioral, and ethical modalities of COVID-19 on HIV care in South Africa: A systematic review.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health20221915976610.3390/ijerph1915976635955119
     [Google Scholar]
  55. KowalskaJ.D. Skrzat-KlapaczyńskaA. BursaD. BalayanT. BegovacJ. ChkhartishviliN. GokenginD. HarxhiA. JilichD. JevtovicD. KaseK. LakatosB. MatulionyteR. MulabdicV. NagitA. PapadopoulosA. StefanovicM. VassilenkoA. VasylyevM. YanchevaN. YurinO. HorbanA. ECEE Network Group HIV care in times of the COVID-19 crisis - Where are we now in Central and Eastern Europe?Int. J. Infect. Dis.20209631131410.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.01332413608
     [Google Scholar]
  56. QiaoS. YangX. SunS. LiX. MiT. ZhouY. ShenZ. Challenges to HIV service delivery and the impacts on patient care during COVID-19: perspective of HIV care providers in Guangxi, China.AIDS Care202133555956510.1080/09540121.2020.184953233242981
     [Google Scholar]
  57. WHO Disruption in HIV, Hepatitis and STI services due to COVID-19. 2020
     [Google Scholar]
  58. SunS. HouJ. ChenY. LuY. BrownL. OperarioD. Challenges to HIV care and psychological health during the COVID-19 pandemic among people living with HIV in China.AIDS Behav.202024102764276510.1007/s10461‑020‑02903‑432382824
     [Google Scholar]
  59. PintoR.M. ParkS. COVID-19 pandemic disrupts HIV continuum of care and prevention: Implications for research and practice concerning community-based organizations and frontline providers.AIDS Behav.20202492486248910.1007/s10461‑020‑02893‑332347403
     [Google Scholar]
  60. ShiauS. KrauseK.D. ValeraP. SwaminathanS. HalkitisP.N. The burden of COVID-19 in people living with HIV: A syndemic perspective.AIDS Behav.20202482244224910.1007/s10461‑020‑02871‑932303925
     [Google Scholar]
  61. KrakowerD. SolleveldP. LevineK. MayerK. Impact of COVID-19 on HIV preexposure prophylaxis care at a Boston community health center.J. Int. AIDS Soc.2020176177
     [Google Scholar]
  62. GrimsrudA. WilkinsonL. Acceleration of differentiated service delivery for HIV treatment in sub-Saharan Africa during COVID-19.J. Int. AIDS Soc.2021246e2570410.1002/jia2.2570434105884
     [Google Scholar]
  63. JewellB.L. MudimuE. StoverJ. ten BrinkD. PhillipsA.N. SmithJ.A. Martin-HughesR. TengY. GlaubiusR. MahianeS.G. Bansi-MatharuL. TaramusiI. ChagomaN. MorrisonM. DohertyM. MarshK. BershteynA. HallettT.B. KellyS.L. HIV Modelling Consortium Potential effects of disruption to HIV programmes in sub-Saharan Africa caused by COVID-19: Results from multiple mathematical models.Lancet HIV202079e629e64010.1016/S2352‑3018(20)30211‑332771089
     [Google Scholar]
  64. HolmesE.A. O’ConnorR.C. PerryV.H. TraceyI. WesselyS. ArseneaultL. BallardC. ChristensenH. Cohen SilverR. EverallI. FordT. JohnA. KabirT. KingK. MadanI. MichieS. PrzybylskiA.K. ShafranR. SweeneyA. WorthmanC.M. YardleyL. CowanK. CopeC. HotopfM. BullmoreE. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science.Lancet Psychiatry20207654756010.1016/S2215‑0366(20)30168‑132304649
     [Google Scholar]
  65. ShinS. MuñozM. EspirituB. ZeladitaJ. SanchezE. CallacnaM. RojasC. ArevaloJ. Ying Wu CaldasA. SebastianJ.L. Psychosocial impact of poverty on antiretroviral nonadherence among HIV-TB coinfected patients in Lima, Peru.J. Int. Assoc. Physicians AIDS Care (Chic.)200872748110.1177/154510970831532618319510
     [Google Scholar]
  66. WuD.Y. MunozM. EspirituB. ZeladitaJ. SanchezE. CallacnaM. RojasC. ArevaloJ. CaldasA. ShinS. Burden of depression among impoverished HIV-positive women in Peru.J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.200848450050410.1097/QAI.0b013e31817dc3e918614919
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Zafra-TanakaJ.H. Ticona-ChavezE. [Stigma related to HIV/AIDS associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients of a public hospital in Lima, Peru 2014].Rev. Peru. Med. Exp. Salud Publica201633462563210.17843/rpmesp.2016.334.254428327830
     [Google Scholar]
  68. EarnshawV.A. BogartL.M. LaurenceauJ.P. ChanB.T. Maughan-BrownB.G. DietrichJ.J. CourtneyI. TshabalalaG. OrrellC. GrayG.E. BangsbergD.R. KatzI.T. Internalized HIV stigma, ART initiation and HIV -1 RNA suppression in South Africa: Exploring avoidant coping as a longitudinal mediator.J. Int. AIDS Soc.20182110e2519810.1002/jia2.2519830362662
     [Google Scholar]
  69. BudakJ.Z. ScottJ.D. DhanireddyS. WoodB.R. The impact of COVID-19 on HIV care provided via telemedicine-past, present, and future.Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep.20211829810410.1007/s11904‑021‑00543‑433616811
     [Google Scholar]
  70. BellN. BracchiM. Dalla PriaA. NelsonM. BoffitoM. Indirect human immunodeficiency virus morbidity and mortality due to coronavirus disease 2019.Clin. Infect. Dis.202173101947194910.1093/cid/ciab12833580253
     [Google Scholar]
  71. MehtaS.A. RanaM.M. MotterJ.D. SmallC.B. PereiraM.R. StosorV. EliasN. HaydelB. FlormanS. OdimJ. MorsheimerM. RobienM. MassieA.B. BrownD. BoyarskyB.J. Garonzik-WangJ. TobianA.A.R. WerbelW.A. SegevD.L. DurandC.M. HOPE in Action Investigators Incidence and outcomes of COVID-19 in kidney and liver transplant recipients with HIV: Report from the national hope in action consortium.Transplantation2021105121622410.1097/TP.000000000000352733165238
     [Google Scholar]
  72. NagarakantiS.R. OkohA.K. GrinbergS. BishburgE. Clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 and HIV co-infection.J. Med. Virol.20219331687169310.1002/jmv.2653332949148
     [Google Scholar]
  73. WatersL.J. PozniakA.L. COVID-19 death in people with HIV: Interpret cautiously.Lancet HIV202181e2e310.1016/S2352‑3018(20)30332‑533316210
     [Google Scholar]
  74. BhaskaranK. RentschC.T. MacKennaB. SchultzeA. MehrkarA. BatesC.J. EggoR.M. MortonC.E. BaconS.C.J. InglesbyP. DouglasI.J. WalkerA.J. McDonaldH.I. CockburnJ. WilliamsonE.J. EvansD. ForbesH.J. CurtisH.J. HulmeW.J. ParryJ. HesterF. HarperS. EvansS.J.W. SmeethL. GoldacreB. HIV infection and COVID-19 death: A population-based cohort analysis of UK primary care data and linked national death registrations within the OpenSAFELY platform.Lancet HIV202181e24e3210.1016/S2352‑3018(20)30305‑233316211
     [Google Scholar]
  75. LoohaM.A. TaraghikhahN. AminiM. PormehrP.S. TalaeiN. KhodadoostM. GholamzadehS. VafaeeR. MohammadiG. The impact of HIV on the risk of COVID-19 death among hospitalized patients.Hum. Antibodies202330416517510.3233/HAB‑22001136617778
     [Google Scholar]
  76. SsentongoP. SsentongoA.E. HeilbrunnE.S. BaD.M. ChinchilliV.M. Association of cardiovascular disease and 10 other pre-existing comorbidities with COVID-19 mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS One2020158e023821510.1371/journal.pone.023821532845926
     [Google Scholar]
  77. SarkarS. KhannaP. SinghA.K. Impact of COVID-19 in patients with concurrent co-infections: A systematic review and meta-analyses.J. Med. Virol.20219342385239510.1002/jmv.2674033331656
     [Google Scholar]
  78. VenturasJ. ZampariniJ. ShaddockE. StaceyS. MurrayL. RichardsG.A. KallaI. MahomedA. MohamedF. MerM. MaposaI. FeldmanC. Comparison of outcomes in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with COVID-19.J. Infect.202183221722710.1016/j.jinf.2021.05.02034051225
     [Google Scholar]
  79. CDC Diagnoses of HIV Infection in the United States and Dependent Areas 2016 2017
     [Google Scholar]
  80. IslamJ.Y. MadhiraV. SunJ. OlexA. FranceschiniN. KirkG. PatelR. Racial disparities in COVID-19 test positivity among people living with HIV in the United States.Int. J. STD AIDS202233510.1177/0956462422107446835306931
     [Google Scholar]
  81. PrejeanJ. SongR. HernandezA. ZiebellR. GreenT. WalkerF. LinL.S. AnQ. MerminJ. LanskyA. HallH.I. HIV Incidence Surveillance Group Estimated HIV incidence in the United States, 2006–2009.PLoS One201168e1750210.1371/journal.pone.001750221826193
     [Google Scholar]
  82. VarshneyK. GhoshP. StilesH. IriowenR. Risk factors for COVID-19 mortality among people living with HIV: A scoping review.AIDS Behav.20222672256226510.1007/s10461‑022‑03578‑935024992
     [Google Scholar]
  83. WilliamsonE.J. WalkerA.J. BhaskaranK. BaconS. BatesC. MortonC.E. CurtisH.J. MehrkarA. EvansD. InglesbyP. CockburnJ. McDonaldH.I. MacKennaB. TomlinsonL. DouglasI.J. RentschC.T. MathurR. WongA.Y.S. GrieveR. HarrisonD. ForbesH. SchultzeA. CrokerR. ParryJ. HesterF. HarperS. PereraR. EvansS.J.W. SmeethL. GoldacreB. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY.Nature2020584782143043610.1038/s41586‑020‑2521‑432640463
     [Google Scholar]
  84. EtienneN. KarmochkineM. SlamaL. PavieJ. BatisseD. UsubillagaR. LetembetV.A. BrazilleP. CanouïE. SlamaD. JoumaaH. Canoui-PoitrineF. SegauxL. WeissL. ViardJ.P. SalmonD. COVID-19 ID Team HIV infection and COVID-19: Risk factors for severe disease.AIDS202034121771177410.1097/QAD.000000000000265132773476
     [Google Scholar]
  85. PanD. SzeS. MinhasJ.S. BangashM.N. PareekN. DivallP. WilliamsC.M.L. OggioniM.R. SquireI.B. NellumsL.B. HanifW. KhuntiK. PareekM. The impact of ethnicity on clinical outcomes in COVID-19: A systematic review.EClinicalMedicine20202310040410.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10040432632416
     [Google Scholar]
  86. CrepazN. DongX. WangX. HernandezA.L. HallH.I. Racial and ethnic disparities in sustained viral suppression and transmission risk potential among persons receiving HIV care - United States, 2014.MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.201867411311810.15585/mmwr.mm6704a229389918
     [Google Scholar]
  87. SimardE.P. FransuaM. NaishadhamD. JemalA. The influence of sex, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment on human immunodeficiency virus death rates among adults, 1993-2007.Arch. Intern. Med.2012172201591159810.1001/archinternmed.2012.450823045164
     [Google Scholar]
  88. SimoniJ.M. HuhD. WilsonI.B. ShenJ. GogginK. ReynoldsN.R. RemienR.H. RosenM.I. BangsbergD.R. LiuH. Racial/Ethnic disparities in ART adherence in the United States: Findings from the MACH14 study.J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.201260546647210.1097/QAI.0b013e31825db0bd22595873
     [Google Scholar]
  89. MillettG.A. New pathogen, same disparities: Why COVID‐19 and HIV remain prevalent in U.S. Communities of colour and implications for ending the HIV epidemic.J. Int. AIDS Soc.20202311e2563910.1002/jia2.2563933222424
     [Google Scholar]
  90. GuanW. NiZ. HuY. LiangW. OuC. HeJ. LiuL. ShanH. LeiC. HuiD.S.C. DuB. LiL. ZengG. YuenK.Y. ChenR. TangC. WangT. ChenP. XiangJ. LiS. WangJ. LiangZ. PengY. WeiL. LiuY. HuY. PengP. WangJ. LiuJ. ChenZ. LiG. ZhengZ. QiuS. LuoJ. YeC. ZhuS. ZhongN. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19 Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China.N. Engl. J. Med.2020382181708172010.1056/NEJMoa200203232109013
     [Google Scholar]
  91. JiangM. GuoY. LuoQ. HuangZ. ZhaoR. LiuS. LeA. LiJ. WanL. T-cell subset counts in peripheral blood can be used as discriminatory biomarkers for diagnosis and severity prediction of coronavirus disease 2019.J. Infect. Dis.2020222219820210.1093/infdis/jiaa25232379887
     [Google Scholar]
  92. ZhangH. WuT. CD4+T, CD8+T counts and severe COVID-19: A meta-analysis.J. Infect.2020813e82e8410.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.03632569604
     [Google Scholar]
  93. HoH. PelusoM.J. MargusC. Matias LopesJ.P. HeC. GaisaM.M. OsorioG. AbergJ.A. MullenM.P. Clinical outcomes and immunologic characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in people with human immunodeficiency virus.J. Infect. Dis.2021223340340810.1093/infdis/jiaa38032601704
     [Google Scholar]
  94. TesorieroJ.M. SwainC.A.E. PierceJ.L. ZamboniL. WuM. HoltgraveD.R. GonzalezC.J. UdoT. MorneJ.E. Hart-MalloyR. RajuluD.T. LeungS.Y.J. RosenbergE.S. COVID-19 outcomes among persons living with or without diagnosed HIV infection in New York state.JAMA Netw. Open202142e203706910.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3706933533933
     [Google Scholar]
  95. DaviesM-A. HIV and risk of COVID-19 death: A population cohort study from the western cape province, South Africa.MedRxiv20202020.0710.1101/2020.07.02.20145185
     [Google Scholar]
  96. del AmoJ. PoloR. MorenoS. DíazA. MartínezE. ArribasJ.R. JarrínI. HernánM.A. The Spanish HIV/COVID-19 Collaboration Incidence and severity of COVID-19 in HIV-positive persons receiving antiretroviral therapy: A cohort study.Ann. Intern. Med.2020173753654110.7326/M20‑368932589451
     [Google Scholar]
  97. TayM.Z. PohC.M. RéniaL. MacAryP.A. NgL.F.P. The trinity of COVID-19: Immunity, inflammation and intervention.Nat. Rev. Immunol.202020636337410.1038/s41577‑020‑0311‑832346093
     [Google Scholar]
  98. CaoB. WangY. WenD. LiuW. WangJ. FanG. RuanL. SongB. CaiY. WeiM. LiX. XiaJ. ChenN. XiangJ. YuT. BaiT. XieX. ZhangL. LiC. YuanY. ChenH. LiH. HuangH. TuS. GongF. LiuY. WeiY. DongC. ZhouF. GuX. XuJ. LiuZ. ZhangY. LiH. ShangL. WangK. LiK. ZhouX. DongX. QuZ. LuS. HuX. RuanS. LuoS. WuJ. PengL. ChengF. PanL. ZouJ. JiaC. WangJ. LiuX. WangS. WuX. GeQ. HeJ. ZhanH. QiuF. GuoL. HuangC. JakiT. HaydenF.G. HorbyP.W. ZhangD. WangC. A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe covid-19.N. Engl. J. Med.2020382191787179910.1056/NEJMoa200128232187464
     [Google Scholar]
  99. BertagnolioS. ThwinS.S. SilvaR. NagarajanS. JassatW. FowlerR. HaniffaR. ReveizL. FordN. DohertyM. DiazJ. Clinical features of, and risk factors for, severe or fatal COVID-19 among people living with HIV admitted to hospital: Analysis of data from the WHO global clinical platform of COVID-19.Lancet HIV202297e486e49510.1016/S2352‑3018(22)00097‑235561704
     [Google Scholar]
  100. ZhouY. VedanthamP. LuK. AgudeloJ. CarrionR.Jr NunneleyJ.W. BarnardD. PöhlmannS. McKerrowJ.H. RensloA.R. SimmonsG. Protease inhibitors targeting coronavirus and filovirus entry.Antiviral Res.2015116768410.1016/j.antiviral.2015.01.01125666761
     [Google Scholar]
  101. LiG. De ClercqE. Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.202019314915010.1038/d41573‑020‑00016‑032127666
     [Google Scholar]
  102. ChanJ.F.W. YaoY. YeungM.L. DengW. BaoL. JiaL. LiF. XiaoC. GaoH. YuP. CaiJ.P. ChuH. ZhouJ. ChenH. QinC. YuenK.Y. Treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir or interferon-β1b improves outcome of MERS-CoV infection in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset.J. Infect. Dis.2015212121904191310.1093/infdis/jiv39226198719
     [Google Scholar]
  103. YoungB.E. OngS.W.X. KalimuddinS. LowJ.G. TanS.Y. LohJ. NgO.T. MarimuthuK. AngL.W. MakT.M. LauS.K. AndersonD.E. ChanK.S. TanT.Y. NgT.Y. CuiL. SaidZ. KurupathamL. ChenM.I.C. ChanM. VasooS. WangL.F. TanB.H. LinR.T.P. LeeV.J.M. LeoY.S. LyeD.C. Singapore 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Research Team Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore.JAMA2020323151488149410.1001/jama.2020.320432125362
     [Google Scholar]
  104. HanW. QuanB. GuoY. ZhangJ. LuY. FengG. WuQ. FangF. ChengL. JiaoN. LiX. ChenQ. The course of clinical diagnosis and treatment of a case infected with coronavirus disease 2019.J. Med. Virol.202092546146310.1002/jmv.2571132073161
     [Google Scholar]
  105. LiuF. XuA. ZhangY. XuanW. YanT. PanK. YuW. ZhangJ. Patients of COVID-19 may benefit from sustained Lopinavir-combined regimen and the increase of Eosinophil may predict the outcome of COVID-19 progression.Int. J. Infect. Dis.20209518319110.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.01332173576
     [Google Scholar]
  106. ChenN. ZhouM. DongX. QuJ. GongF. HanY. QiuY. WangJ. LiuY. WeiY. XiaJ. YuT. ZhangX. ZhangL. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study.Lancet20203951022350751310.1016/S0140‑6736(20)30211‑732007143
     [Google Scholar]
  107. ElfikyA.A. Ribavirin, remdesivir, sofosbuvir, galidesivir, and tenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp): A molecular docking study.Life Sci.202025311759210.1016/j.lfs.2020.11759232222463
     [Google Scholar]
  108. RichardsonS. HirschJ.S. NarasimhanM. CrawfordJ.M. McGinnT. DavidsonK.W. BarnabyD.P. BeckerL.B. ChelicoJ.D. CohenS.L. CookinghamJ. CoppaK. DiefenbachM.A. DominelloA.J. Duer-HefeleJ. FalzonL. GitlinJ. HajizadehN. HarvinT.G. HirschwerkD.A. KimE.J. KozelZ.M. MarrastL.M. MogaveroJ.N. OsorioG.A. QiuM. ZanosT.P. the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York city area.JAMA2020323202052205910.1001/jama.2020.677532320003
     [Google Scholar]
  109. VizcarraP. Pérez-ElíasM.J. QueredaC. MorenoA. VivancosM.J. DrondaF. CasadoJ.L. MorenoS. Pérez-ElíasM.J. FortúnJ. NavasE. QueredaC. DrondaF. Del CampoS. López-VélezR. Cobo ReinosoJ. CasadoJ.L. MorenoA. NormanF. Martín-DávilaP. HermidaJ.M. Pérez MolinaJ.A. MongeB. PintadoV. Serrano-VillarS. Sánchez-CondeM. ChamorroS. EscuderoR. GioiaF. ComecheB. CrespilloC. HerreraS. RonR. Martínez-SanzJ. Pons-GuillénM. VivancosM.J. VizcarraP. COVID-19 ID Team Description of COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals: A single-centre, prospective cohort.Lancet HIV202078e554e56410.1016/S2352‑3018(20)30164‑832473657
     [Google Scholar]
  110. BrownL.B. SpinelliM.A. GandhiM. The interplay between HIV and COVID-19: Summary of the data and responses to date.Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS2021161637310.1097/COH.000000000000065933186229
     [Google Scholar]
  111. FraterJ. EwerK.J. OgbeA. PaceM. AdeleS. AdlandE. AlagaratnamJ. AleyP.K. AliM. AnsariM.A. BaraA. BittayeM. BroadheadS. BrownA. BrownH. CappucciniF. CooneyE. DejnirattisaiW. DoldC. FairheadC. FokH. FolegattiP.M. FowlerJ. GibbsC. GoodmanA.L. JenkinD. JonesM. MakinsonR. MarchevskyN.G. MujadidiY.F. NguyenH. ParoliniL. PetersenC. PlestedE. PollockK.M. RamasamyM.N. RheadS. RobinsonH. RobinsonN. RongkardP. RyanF. SerranoS. TipoeT. VoyseyM. WatersA. ZacharopoulouP. BarnesE. DunachieS. GoulderP. KlenermanP. ScreatonG.R. WinstonA. HillA.V.S. GilbertS.C. PollardA.J. FidlerS. FoxJ. LambeT. WatsonM.E.E. SongR. CicconiP. MinassianA.M. BibiS. KerridgeS. SinghN. GreenC.M. DouglasA.D. LawrieA.M. ClutterbuckE.A. Oxford COVID Vaccine Trial Group Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in HIV infection: A single-arm substudy of a phase 2/3 clinical trial.Lancet HIV202188e474e48510.1016/S2352‑3018(21)00103‑X34153264
     [Google Scholar]
  112. ElvstamO. MedstrandP. YilmazA. IsbergP.E. GisslénM. BjörkmanP. Virological failure and all-cause mortality in HIV-positive adults with low-level viremia during antiretroviral treatment.PLoS One2017127e018076110.1371/journal.pone.018076128683128
     [Google Scholar]
  113. GrayE.S. MadigaM.C. HermanusT. MooreP.L. WibmerC.K. TumbaN.L. WernerL. MlisanaK. SibekoS. WilliamsonC. Abdool KarimS.S. MorrisL. CAPRISA002 Study Team The neutralization breadth of HIV-1 develops incrementally over four years and is associated with CD4+ T cell decline and high viral load during acute infection.J. Virol.201185104828484010.1128/JVI.00198‑1121389135
     [Google Scholar]
  114. JonesL.E. PerelsonA.S. Transient viremia, plasma viral load, and reservoir replenishment in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy.J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.200745548349310.1097/QAI.0b013e318065483617496565
     [Google Scholar]
  115. StoverJ. KellyS.L. MudimuE. GreenD. SmithT. TaramusiI. Bansi-MatharuL. Martin-HughesR. PhillipsA.N. BershteynA. The risks and benefits of providing HIV services during the COVID-19 pandemic.PLoS One20211612e026082010.1371/journal.pone.026082034941876
     [Google Scholar]
  116. AyerdiO. PuertaT. ClavoP. VeraM. BallesterosJ. FuentesM.E. EstradaV. RodríguezC. Del RomeroJ. Del RomeroJ. RodríguezC. PuertaT. ClavoP. VeraM. BallesterosJ. LejarragaC. FernándezN. HurtadoE. GarcíaM. GonzálezM. JerezN. AlcudiaF. JiménezM.T. TorresE. de DomingoI. LázaroR. RaposoM. AyerdiO. Del RomeroJ. RodríguezC. PuertaT. ClavoP. VeraM. BallesterosJ. LejarragaC. FernándezN. HurtadoE. GarcíaM. GonzálezM. JerezN. AlcudiaF. JiménezM.T. TorresE. de DomingoI. LázaroR. RaposoM. AyerdiO. Sandoval Study Group Preventive efficacy of tenofovir/emtricitabine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among pre-exposure prophylaxis users.Open Forum Infect. Dis.2020711ofaa45510.1093/ofid/ofaa45533200081
     [Google Scholar]
  117. NadkarniG.N. LalaA. BagiellaE. ChangH.L. MorenoP.R. PujadasE. ArvindV. BoseS. CharneyA.W. ChenM.D. Cordon-CardoC. DunnA.S. FarkouhM.E. GlicksbergB.S. KiaA. Kohli-SethR. LevinM.A. TimsinaP. ZhaoS. FayadZ.A. FusterV. Anticoagulation, bleeding, mortality, and pathology in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.202076161815182610.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.04132860872
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/chr/10.2174/011570162X282739231222062830
Loading
The Interrelationship between HIV Infection and COVID-19: A Review of the Literature
Current HIV Research 22, 6 (2024); https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X282739231222062830
/content/journals/chr/10.2174/011570162X282739231222062830
/content/journals/chr/10.2174/011570162X282739231222062830
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): co-infection; COVID-19; epidemic; HIV; PLWH; SARS-CoV-2

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test