Two-way Road of Kidney and Hypercalcemia: A Narrative Review

Calcium homeostasis is regulated by the dyad of parathyroid hormone and calcitriol, whereas kidney, intestine, and bone are the primary target sites. Elevation of serum calcium levels and hypercalcemia are likely markers of pathological conditions, particularly malignancy and hyperparathyroidism. Similarly, several dysfunctions within the body can direct hypercalcemia. Furthermore, chemicals and drugs can also drive this condition. Owing to the significant role of the kidney in calcium homeostasis, renal abnormalities lead to hypercalcemia and increased calcium levels can have pathological effects on the kidney. This review is designed to highlight some of the commonly known causes of hypercalcemia and their effects on the kidney.