Laccases as Gold Standard Enzymes for Biotechnology

Background: Laccases are among the oldest known multi-copper enzymes from a diverse array of species, including bacteria and fungi, and are of great importance in different industries like beverage, biosensors, textile, paper, and pulp. From the aspect of origin, interestingly, bacterial laccase is of two kinds, namely, 3-domain conventional laccase and 2-domain small laccase. This enzyme is capable of degrading synthetic textile azo dyes, xenobiotic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, biogenic amines etc. Over the last few years, research on laccase has steadily increased based on biosensors and the understanding of known unknowns. Objective: In this extensive review, we focus on classification, structural differences based on assorted origins, and applications that will help to know the unknown factors about this strenuous enzyme. Conclusion: To better understand the origin-function relationship, hypothetical proteins of selected bacterial laccase are reviewed.