Up-Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-Target Genes in Cortical Neurons by the Novel Multifunctional Iron Chelator Anti-Alzheimer Drug, M30

Based on a multimodal drug design paradigm, we have synthesized a multifunctional non-toxic, brain permeable iron chelator, M30, possessing the neuroprotective propargylamine moiety of the anti-Parkinsonian drug, rasagiline (Azilect) and antioxidant-iron chelator moiety of an 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative of our iron chelator, VK28. M30 was recently found to confer potential neuroprotective effects in vitro and in various preclinical neurodegenerative models and regulate the levels and processing of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein and its toxic amyloidogenic derivative, Aβ. Here, we show that M30 activates the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α signaling pathway, thus promoting HIF-1α mRNA and protein expression levels, as well as increasing transcription of HIF-1α-dependent genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor, erythropoietin, enolase-1, p21 and tyrosine hydroxylase in rat primary cortical cells. In addition, M30 increased the expression levels of the transcripts of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and growthassociated protein-43 (GAP-43). Regarding aspects of relevance to Alzheimer's disease (AD), western blotting analysis of glycogen synthase kinase- 3β (GSK-3β) signaling pathway revealed that M30 enhanced the levels of phospho-AKT (Ser473) and phospho- GSK-3β (Ser9) and attenuated Tau phosphorylation. M30 was also shown to protect cultured cortical neurons against Aβ25-35 toxicity. All these multimodal pharmacological activities of M30 might be beneficial for its potent efficacy in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson's disease and AD in which oxidative stress and iron-mediated toxicity are involved.