Alzheimer's Disease: Interactions Between Cholinergic Functions and β- amyloid

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by two major features: (1) degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and ensuing deficient cholinergic functions in cortex and hippocampus; (2) extracellular protein aggregates containing β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) in these cholinergic target areas. So far, the most effective therapy for AD is to enhance cholinergic transmission. Neuromodulatory functions of the cholinergic system are mainly mediated by muscarinic receptors (mAChRs). It has long been recognized that mAChRs are crucial for the control of high-level cognitive processes. Drugs that activate mAChRs are helpful in ameliorating cognitive deficits of AD. On the other hand, mounting evidence have established detrimental effects of Aβ to cognitive functions. Despite intensive research on AD, it remains unclear how these two prominent features of the disease may be linked to cause cognitive impairments. In this review, we will summarize a series of recent findings on the interactions between cholinergic functions and β-amyloid in normal animals and AD models, and discuss their potential implications in the pathophysiology and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.