Structural Basis for Interaction of Inhibitors with Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2

Cell cycle progression is tightly controlled by the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDKs are inactive as monomers, and activation requires binding to cyclins, a diverse family of proteins whose levels oscillate during the cell cycle, and phosphorylation by CDK-activating kinase (CAK) on a specific threonine residue. The central role of CDKs in cell cycle regulation makes them a promising target for studying inhibitory molecules that can modify the degree of cell proliferation, the discovery of specific inhibitors of CDKs such as polyhydroxylated flavones has opened the way to investigation and design of antimitotic compounds. A chlorinated form, flavopiridol, is currently in phase II clinical trials as a drug against breast tumors. The aromatic portion of the inhibitor binds to the adenine-binding pocket of CDK2, and the position of the phenyl group of the inhibitor enables the inhibitor to make contacts with the enzyme not observed in the ATP complex structure, the analysis of the position of this phenyl ring not only explains the great differences of kinase inhibition among the flavonoid inhibitors but also explains the specificity of roscovitine and olomoucine to inhibit CDK2. There is strong interest in CDKs inhibitors that could play an important role in the discovery of a new family of antitumor agents. The crystallographic analysis together with bioinformatics studies of CDKs are generating new information about the structural basis for inhibition of CDKs. The relevant structural features that may guide the structure based-design of a new generation of CDK inhibitors are discussed in this review.