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image of High-value Utilization of Liubao Tea Residues: Physicochemical Properties and Immunomodulatory Activity of Alkali-extracted Cell Wall Polysaccharides

Abstract

Objective

Liubao tea residues, often discarded as waste, may contain valuable bioactive compounds as polysaccharides. To characterize the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides extracted by 4 mol/L KOH (KTP) and investigate its effects on macrophage activation and immune response.

Methods

KTP was extracted using an alkaline method. Physicochemical characterization was performed using monosaccharide analysis, molecular weight assessment, FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, and NMR spectroscopy. Immunomodulatory effects were evaluated through macrophage activation assays, focusing on NO production, cytokine release, and NF-κB pathway modulation.

Results

Monosaccharide analysis identified KTP as a composite of arabinose, mannose, galactose, glucose, and xylose with distinct variations in abundance. Molecular weight analysis revealed KTP as a heterogeneous polysaccharide with fractions KTP-1 and KTP-2 of different molecular sizes. Structural characterization analysis showed specific functional groups, bond arrangements, and helical conformations, elucidating KTP’s intricate surface morphologies and semi-crystalline nature. Additionally, immunomodulatory studies demonstrated KTP’s activation of macrophage pathways the NF-κB pathway, increasing nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokine production dose-dependently.

Conclusion

This study reveals KTP's rich structural diversity and potent immunomodulatory activity, highlighting its potential as a natural immune booster and possible application in developing functional foods.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
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2025-01-29
2025-04-02

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High-value Utilization of Liubao Tea Residues: Physicochemical Properties and Immunomodulatory Activity of Alkali-extracted Cell Wall Polysaccharides
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110347613250104124717
/content/journals/cac/10.2174/0115734110347613250104124717
/content/journals/cac/10.2174/0115734110347613250104124717
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  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keywords: monosaccharide composition ; Liubao tea ; NF-κB/TLR2 signaling pathway ; physicochemical properties ; immunomodulatory effects ; tea residue polysaccharides

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