Skip to content
2000
  • ISSN: 1872-2083
  • E-ISSN: 2212-4012

Abstract

Background

The decarbonization of road transport is a precondition for achieving carbon neutrality. Battery-electric vehicle technology, driven by several patents, can make this a reality. In this bias, the objective of the article is to shed light on the ongoing debate about the potentially important role of the adoption of electric vehicles in the transport of microalgae-based products to help them advance to a cleaner life cycle.

Methods

Five routes, including unimodal and multimodal conditions, were defined to assess the carbon emissions of the transport system and, more specifically, of road transport. The headquarters of market-leading microalgae manufacturers were selected as the origin of the routes and, as the destination, regions that sustain them.

Results

The results reveal the supremacy of road transport of microalgae-based products using electric vehicles powered by nuclear, hydroelectric, and wind, followed by biomass and photovoltaic energy. They also show that the positive impact of wind, water, and photovoltaic energy on the climate, added to the lower battery charging costs and the greater opportunity to generate revenue from the sale of carbon credits, make their trade-offs.

Conclusion

The exquisite results of this study convey key messages to decision-makers and stakeholders about the role of electromobility in building a zero-carbon delivery route.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/biot/10.2174/0118722083305025240409071630
2024-04-15
2025-02-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Jacob-LopesE. MaronezeM.M. DepráM.C. SartoriR.B. DiasR.R. ZepkaL.Q. Bioactive food compounds from microalgae: an innovative framework on industrial biorefineries.Curr. Opin. Food Sci.2019251710.1016/j.cofs.2018.12.003
    [Google Scholar]
  2. OlabiA.G. ShehataN. SayedE.T. Role of microalgae in achieving sustainable development goals and circular economy.Sci. Total Environ.202385415868910.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.15868936108848
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Polaris Market Research In: Microalgae Market.Available from: https://www.polarismarketresearch.com/industry-analysis/microalgae-market
    [Google Scholar]
  4. DepráM.C. DiasR.R. ZepkaL.Q. Jacob-LopesE. Building cleaner production: How to anchor sustainability in the food production chain?Environ. Adv.2022910029510.1016/j.envadv.2022.100295
    [Google Scholar]
  5. DiasR.R. DepráM.C. ZepkaL.Q. Jacob-LopesE. Roadmap to net-zero carbon emissions in commercial microalgae-based products: environmental sustainability and carbon offset costs.J. Appl. Phycol.20223431255126810.1007/s10811‑022‑02725‑y
    [Google Scholar]
  6. DiasR.R. DepráM.C. SeveroI.A. ZepkaL.Q. Jacob-LopesE. Smart override of the energy matrix in commercial microalgae facilities: A transition path to a low-carbon bioeconomy.Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess.20225210207310.1016/j.seta.2022.102073
    [Google Scholar]
  7. ReijndersL. Life cycle assessment of microalgae-based processes and products. In: Handbook of Microalgae-Based Processes and Products.Academic Press202082384010.1016/B978‑0‑12‑818536‑0.00030‑0
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Jacob-LopesE. ZepkaL.Q. DepráM.C. Sustainability indicators and metrics of environmental impact: Industrial and agricultural life cycle assessment.1st edElsevier2021
    [Google Scholar]
  9. IngraoC. ScruccaF. MatarazzoA. ArcidiaconoC. ZabaniotouA. Freight transport in the context of industrial ecology and sustainability: evaluation of uni- and multi-modality scenarios via life cycle assessment.Int. J. Life Cycle Assess.202126112714210.1007/s11367‑020‑01831‑8
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Climate WatchHistorical GHG Emissions.http://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?breakBy=sector&end_year=2018&gases=co2&start_year=1990
    [Google Scholar]
  11. ZhangR. FujimoriS. The role of transport electrification in global climate change mitigation scenarios.Environ. Res. Lett.202015303401910.1088/1748‑9326/ab6658
    [Google Scholar]
  12. RitchieH. Cars, planes, trains: where do CO2 emissions from transport come from.Our World in Data2020
    [Google Scholar]
  13. a LeeP. HwangJ. LeeJ. Taking core technologies from the past for new energy vehicle transition: Analyzing core technologies of vehicle patent networks.Available at SSRN479254410.2139/ssrn.4792544
    [Google Scholar]
  14. b ŚlusarczykB. Electromobility for sustainable transport in Poland. In: Energy Transformation Towards Sustainability.Elsevier202019921810.1016/B978‑0‑12‑817688‑7.00010‑0
    [Google Scholar]
  15. YigitcanlarT. Towards smart and sustainable urban electromobility: An editorial commentary.Sustainability2022144226410.3390/su14042264
    [Google Scholar]
  16. AjanovicA. HaasR. SchrödlM. On the historical development and future prospects of various types of electric mobility.Energies2021144107010.3390/en14041070
    [Google Scholar]
  17. ChadhaS. JainV. SinghH.R. A review on smart charging impacts of electric vehicles on grid.Mater. Today Proc.20226375175510.1016/j.matpr.2022.05.122
    [Google Scholar]
  18. КирилловаОА ВиденеевАВ Electric cars.Executive Editor2015
    [Google Scholar]
  19. ParthasarathyA. Electrical mobility: Gliding into the acceleration phase.2022
    [Google Scholar]
  20. TaylorJ. Electric cars.Bloomsbury Publishing2022
    [Google Scholar]
  21. PatilD.S. PatilY. KirangeY. MahajanN.S. PatilR.S. Study on growth of electric vehicles in india: A review. In 2023 3rd Asian Conference on Innovation in Technology (ASIANCON) Ravet IN, India20231710.1109/ASIANCON58793.2023.10270327
    [Google Scholar]
  22. BordesA DanilovDL DesprezP A holistic contribution to fast innovation in electric vehicles: An overview of the DEMOBASE research project.eTransportation20221110014410.1016/j.etran.2021.100144
    [Google Scholar]
  23. ShenF. XieS. TeoC.S. LeeC.H. Recent Development of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles. In: Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles.SingaporeSpringer Nature Singapore202434335810.1007/978‑981‑99‑3060‑9_12
    [Google Scholar]
  24. ChandranM. PalanisamyK. BensonD. SundaramS. A review on electric and fuel cell vehicle anatomy, technology evolution and policy drivers towards EVs and FCEVs market propagation.Chem. Rec.2022222e20210023510.1002/tcr.20210023534796621
    [Google Scholar]
  25. BejgamR. SunkariS. KeshipeddiS.B. RangarajuM.R. DundeV. A brief study on hybrid electric vehicles.2021 Third International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA)2021549
    [Google Scholar]
  26. JoseP.S. JoseP.S.H. WessleyG.J.J. RajalakshmyP. Environmental impact of electric vehicles.In: E-Mobility: A New Era in Automotive Technology.SpringerLink2022314210.1007/978‑3‑030‑85424‑9_2
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Eki̇ci̇Y.E. Di̇kmenİ.C. NurmuhammedM. KaradağT. A review on electric vehicle charging systems and current status in turkey.Int J Autom Sci TechnolL20215431633010.30939/ijastech.958368
    [Google Scholar]
  28. CansinoJ. Sánchez-BrazaA. Sanz-DíazT. Policy instruments to promote electro-mobility in the EU28: A comprehensive review.Sustainability2018107250710.3390/su10072507
    [Google Scholar]
  29. AgrawalM. RajapatelM.S. Global perspective on electric vehicle 2020.Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol.202091811
    [Google Scholar]
  30. GlobalE.V. Global EV Outlook 2023: Catching up with climate ambitions.Paris, FranceEnergy Agency2023
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Martinez-BoggioS. Monsalve-SerranoJ. GarcíaA. Curto-RissoP. High degree of electrification in heavy-duty vehicles.Energies2023168356510.3390/en16083565
    [Google Scholar]
  32. LewickiW. DrożdżW. Electromobility and its development prospects in the context of industry 4.0: A comparative study of poland and the european union.Europ Res Stud J2021
    [Google Scholar]
  33. BhardwajR. GuptaS. Evolutionary progress of the electric car market with future directions. In: In Latest Trends in Renewable Energy Technologies: Select Proceedings of NCRESE 2020Singapore: Springer202131532110.1007/978‑981‑16‑1186‑5_27
    [Google Scholar]
  34. RapaM. GobbiL. RuggieriR. Environmental and economic sustainability of electric vehicles: Life cycle assessment and life cycle costing evaluation of electricity sources.Energies20201323629210.3390/en13236292
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Leal FilhoW. AbubakarI.R. KotterR. Framing electric mobility for urban sustainability in a circular economy context: An overview of the literature.Sustainability20211314778610.3390/su13147786
    [Google Scholar]
  36. KurienC. SrivastavaA.K. MolereE. Indirect carbon emissions and energy consumption model for electric vehicles: Indian scenario.Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag.2020166998100710.1002/ieam.429932543043
    [Google Scholar]
  37. KurienC. SrivastavaA.K. Impact of electric vehicles on indirect carbon emissions and the role of engine posttreatment emission control strategies.Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag.202016223424410.1002/ieam.420631403259
    [Google Scholar]
  38. ISOISO-14040 Environmental management–life cycle assessment–principles and framework. International Organization for Standardization.2006Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html
    [Google Scholar]
  39. SMMTHeavy Commercial Vehicle Fuel Efficiency.https://www.smmt.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/Heavy-CV-Fuel-Consumption-Fact-Sheet.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  40. ProhaskaR. RagatzA. SimpsonM. KellyK. Medium-duty plug-in electric delivery truck fleet evaluation. In: 2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)Dearborn, MI, USA201616
    [Google Scholar]
  41. SatoS. JiangY.J. RussellR.L. Experimental driving performance evaluation of battery-powered medium and heavy duty all-electric vehicles.Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst.202214110810010.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108100
    [Google Scholar]
  42. FariaR. MarquesP. MouraP. FreireF. DelgadoJ. de AlmeidaA.T. Impact of the electricity mix and use profile in the life-cycle assessment of electric vehicles.Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.20132427128710.1016/j.rser.2013.03.063
    [Google Scholar]
  43. MasumM.F.H. DwivediP. De La TorreR. Assessing economic and environmental feasibility of wood-based electricity generation in South America: A case study from Colombia.For. Policy Econ.202112410238110.1016/j.forpol.2020.102381
    [Google Scholar]
  44. European Commission Final Report – LCOE & LCOH: Energy costs, taxes and the impact of government interventions on investments. Available online: https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-10/final_report_levelised_costs_0.pdf (accessed on 15 December 2022).
    [Google Scholar]
  45. BhutadaG. Electricity from renewable energy sources is now cheaper than ever.Visual Capitalist2021Available from: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/electricity-from-renewable-energy-sources-is-now-cheaper-than-ever/
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Renewable power generation costs in 2021.Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency2022Available from: https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Jul/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Global Petrol Prices. Diesel prices.Available online: https://www.globalpetrolprices.com/diesel_prices/ (accessed on 15 December 2022).
  48. World Bank. Carbon Pricing Dashboard.Available online: https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/map_data (accessed on 20 December 2022).
  49. RitchieH RoserM RosadoP. Energy.Available online: https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix#citation (accessed on 15 December 2022).
  50. RitchieH. RoserM. RosadoP. Taiwan: Energy Country Profile.Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/energy/country/taiwan (accessed on 20 December 2022).
  51. XiaX. LiP. XiaZ. WuR. ChengY. Life cycle carbon footprint of electric vehicles in different countries: A review. In: Sep Purif Technol./Elsevier2022301122063
    [Google Scholar]
  52. JoshiA. SharmaR. BaralB. Comparative life cycle assessment of conventional combustion engine vehicle, battery electric vehicle and fuel cell electric vehicle in Nepal.J. Clean. Prod.202237913440710.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134407
    [Google Scholar]
  53. World BankState and Trends of Carbon Pricing2022Available online: https://openknowledge. worldbank.org/handle/10986/37455 (accessed on 10 December 2022).
    [Google Scholar]
  54. LiL WangZ XieX From government to market? A discrete choice analysis of policy instruments for electric vehicle adoption.Transp Res Part A Policy Pract20221601435910.1016/j.tra.2022.04.004
    [Google Scholar]
  55. b ZhangL ZhengY ZhangZ Electric vehicle charging and discharging integrated system and electric vehicle.CN1134926952021
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/biot/10.2174/0118722083305025240409071630
Loading
/content/journals/biot/10.2174/0118722083305025240409071630
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

Supplementary material is available on the publisher’s website along with the published article.

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test