Application of Selenium Nanoparticles in Localized Drug Targeting for Cancer Therapy

Background: Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have gained a place in the biomedical field; they serve as chemotherapeutic agents for targeted drug delivery due to their capacity to exert distinct mechanisms of action on cancer and normal cells. The principle behind these mechanisms is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which accelerates apoptosis via the dysfunction of various pathways. SeNPs, when used in higher concentrations, induce toxicity; however, conjugation and surface functionalization are some techniques available to ameliorate their toxic nature as well as enhance their anticancer activity. Objectives: The primary goal of this analysis is to provide a thorough and systematic investigation into the use of various SeNPs in localized drug targeting for cancer therapy. This has been achieved by citing examples of numerous SeNPs and their use as a drug targeting agent for cancer therapy. Methods: All relevant data and information about the various SeNPs for drug targeting in cancer therapy were gathered from various databases, including Science Direct, PubMed, Taylor and Francis imprints, American Chemical Society, Springer, Royal Society of Chemistry, and Google Scholar. Results: SeNPs are explored due to their better biopharmaceutical properties and cytostatic behavior. Se, as an essential component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and other seleno-chemical substances, might boost chemotherapeutic efficacy and protect tissues from cellular damage caused by ROS. SeNPs have the potential to set the stage for developing new strategies to treat malignancy. Conclusion: This review extensively analyzed the anticancer efficacy and functionalization strategies of SeNPs in drug delivery to cancer cells. In addition, this review highlights the mechanism of action of drug-loaded SeNPs to suppress the proliferation of cancer cells in different cell lines.