The efficiency of a photovoltaic cell is determined by the maximum power it can deliver to a load. Power output is a function of the fill factor. The fill factor determines the shape of the I-V characteristics of a solar cell. It is dependent on various environmental as well as internal parameters. Two major parameters that influence the fill factor are the parasitic series and shunt resistances (RS and RSH) present in a photovoltaic device. In this regard numerical a Read More

Background In the world active research is being conducted to create motor fuels containing bio-oil as a component derived from renewable environmentally friendly sources of raw materials such as wood processing waste agriculture marine algae etc. One of the most commonly used technologies for bio-oil production is fast pyrolysis. Due to the physical and chemical properties of such bio-oil direct blending with petroleum motor fuel is not possible. O Read More

Introduction The ubiquity of microorganisms has in recent times extended relevance from the physical environment to outer space/cosmic environment. Such outer space/cosmic environments were over time reported microbe free however recent report showed otherwise implicating space/cosmic travel. Method Diverse interest-based investigators have raised unanswered questions while others yet remain probable. Bio-scientific evaluation of astro Read More

Objective An alternative way to construct a quantum model of gravity is described in this paper not by quantizing the classical model but by introducing a graviton background which has a low temperature but strongly interacts with any particle. Methods Gravity in this case is the effect of screening the background of gravitons by bodies; several additional effects appear when photons or bodies move through the background. Results Using Planck' Read More

Elliptical galaxies as one of the fundamental types of galaxies have attracted astronomers due to their intriguing properties. In this review we explore the intrinsic shape of elliptical galaxies a field that plays a pivotal role in understanding their formation evolution and interactions within the cosmos. Methods for intrinsic shape determination using photometric and kinematic methods are extensively discussed. The use of photometric data and surface brigh Read More

IntroductionLaboratory simulations can benefit ground- and space-based observations of icy bodies in outer space. It is well-known that NH3 and CO2 can interact forming ammonium carbamate (CH6N2O2).MethodsThis study examines NH3 and CO2 in thermally processed H2O-rich ices in the laboratory via mid-infrared absorption spectroscopy. In particular the presence of CO2 in NH3-ice mixtures thermally annealed at 150 K for more than four hour Read More

BackgroundThere are a lot of phytophagous and harmful animals in agriculture and forestry in the entire world. The ultimate goal in locust control is the use of preventive and proactive methods that disrupt the environment to the least possible extent. This would make agricultural production easier and more secure in the many regions where growing crops is of vital importance.MethodsThe possibility of using high-power microwave systems to combat Read More

BackgroundThere are very few methods for simultaneously determining a combined dose of SAL and KET.ObjectivesThe current study aims to explore accurate precise simple and cost-effective HPLC and HPTLC techniques for the simultaneous assessment of Salbutamol (SAL) and Ketotifen (KET).MethodsThe determination of Salbutamol and Ketotifen was performed by HPLC and HPTLC methods using 280 nm and 258 nm as the deter Read More

The challenge of energy conversion and enhancement has been a problem in the world of lighting technologies as the population and global industrialization grow rapidly. Solid-state lighting (SSL) has proven to be a better alternative in the illumination industry because of its environmentally friendly and high energy efficiency. Lanthanide-doped phosphors have gained global attention in SSL because they have versatile applications with enhanced overal Read More

BackgroundCurrently some modern spectroscopic applications require sub-terahertz and terahertz continuous-wave electromagnetic radiation sources with power levels from 0.1 to 100 W. Gyrotron a powerful high-frequency vacuum electronics device is considered one of the promising sources for these aims.MethodsModification of the gyrotron design promotes the widespread use of these devices for DNP/NMR spectroscopy.ResultsPromising non- Read More