Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Current Vascular Pharmacology
  4. Volume 22, Issue 6
  5. Article
Volume 22, Issue 6
  • ISSN: 1570-1611
  • E-ISSN: 1875-6212

Abstract

Intraplaque neovascularization (IPN) is considered a leading mechanism causing carotid plaque destabilization. We provide an objective and comprehensive summary of the biology, imaging techniques, and treatment options related to carotid IPN. Plaque neovascularization has been reported to originate mainly from the adventitial vasa vasorum as a response to hypoxia. The leakage and rupture of neovessels lead to the formation of extravasations and foci of inflammation that destabilize the plaque. Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors are key regulators of neoangiogenesis. Neovascularization can be analyzed by advanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The basic tools for the ultrasound assessment of IPN are contrast-enhanced ultrasound, superb microvascular imaging, and ultrasound molecular imaging. A promising direction of research seems to be the identification of patients with advanced plaque neovascularization. A simple test assessing low-velocity flow in the IPN can detect patients at risk of stroke before they experience rupture of defective neovessels and intracerebral embolism. In addition to surgical treatment, the stabilization of carotid atherosclerotic plaque can be supported pharmacologically. Statins have the best-documented role in this respect. The ideal moment of intensified therapeutic intervention in patients with previously stable carotid plaque is its increased neovascularization. However, the time frame in which intracerebral embolization may occur is unknown, and therapeutic intervention may be too late. The formation of deficient neovessels can currently be non-invasively evaluated with ultrasound. Superb microvascular imaging may change the clinical approach for asymptomatic patients at risk of cerebral ischemia.

© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cvp/10.2174/0115701611304241240523045704
2024-05-30
2024-11-16

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cvp/10.2174/0115701611304241240523045704
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. GaseckiA.P. EliasziwM. FergusonG.G. HachinskiV. BarnettH.J. GroupN.A.S.C.E.T. Long-term prognosis and effect of endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis and contralateral carotid stenosis or occlusion: Results from NASCET.J. Neurosurg.199583577878210.3171/jns.1995.83.5.07787472542
     [Google Scholar]
  2. GroupE.C.S.T.C. Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: Final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST).Lancet199835191131379138710.1016/S0140‑6736(97)09292‑19593407
     [Google Scholar]
  3. NaylorR. RantnerB. AncettiS. de BorstG.J. De CarloM. HallidayA. KakkosS.K. MarkusH.S. McCabeD.J.H. SillesenH. van den BergJ.C. Vega de CenigaM. VenermoM.A. VermassenF.E.G. AntoniouG.A. Bastos GoncalvesF. BjorckM. ChakfeN. CoscasR. DiasN.V. DickF. HinchliffeR.J. KolhP. KoncarI.B. LindholtJ.S. MeesB.M.E. ReschT.A. TrimarchiS. TulamoR. TwineC.P. WanhainenA. Document Reviewers Bellmunt-MontoyaS. BulbuliaR. DarlingR.C.III EcksteinH.H. GiannoukasA. KoelemayM.J.W. LindströmD. SchermerhornM. StoneD.H. ESVS Guidelines Committee Editor’s choice – European society for vascular surgery (ESVS) 2023 clinical practice guidelines on the management of atherosclerotic carotid and vertebral artery disease.Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg.2023651711110.1016/j.ejvs.2022.04.01135598721
     [Google Scholar]
  4. BeckmanJ.A. AnselG.M. LydenS.P. DasT.S. Carotid artery stenting in asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.202075664865610.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.05432057380
     [Google Scholar]
  5. ChangX. FengJ. RuanL. ShangJ. YangY. SunJ. DangY. SongY. Positive correlation between neovascularization degree of carotid atherosclerosis determined by contrast-enhanced ultrasound and level of serum C-reactive protein.Vasa20154430187019410.1024/0301‑1526/a00042926098322
     [Google Scholar]
  6. XuJ. LuX. ShiG.P. Vasa vasorum in atherosclerosis and clinical significance.Int. J. Mol. Sci.20151612115741160810.3390/ijms16051157426006236
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Le DallJ. Ho-Tin-NoéB. LouedecL. MeilhacO. RoncalC. CarmelietP. GermainS. MichelJ.B. HouardX. Immaturity of microvessels in haemorrhagic plaques is associated with proteolytic degradation of angiogenic factors.Cardiovasc. Res.201085118419310.1093/cvr/cvp25319620132
     [Google Scholar]
  8. SunJ. UnderhillH.R. HippeD.S. XueY. YuanC. HatsukamiT.S. Sustained acceleration in carotid atherosclerotic plaque progression with intraplaque hemorrhage: A long-term time course study.JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging20125879880410.1016/j.jcmg.2012.03.01422897993
     [Google Scholar]
  9. SimpsonR.J. AkweiS. HosseiniA.A. MacSweeneyS.T. AuerD.P. AltafN. MR imaging-detected carotid plaque hemorrhage is stable for 2 years and a marker for stenosis progression.AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.20153661171117510.3174/ajnr.A426725742988
     [Google Scholar]
  10. AlonsoA. ArtemisD. HennericiM.G. Molecular imaging of carotid plaque vulnerability.Cerebrovasc. Dis.201539151210.1159/00036912325547782
     [Google Scholar]
  11. ChistiakovD.A. MelnichenkoA.A. MyasoedovaV.A. GrechkoA.V. OrekhovA.N. Role of lipids and intraplaque hypoxia in the formation of neovascularization in atherosclerosis.Ann. Med.201749866167710.1080/07853890.2017.136604128797175
     [Google Scholar]
  12. van HinsberghV.W.M. EringaE.C. DaemenM.J.A.P. Neovascularization of the atherosclerotic plaque.Curr. Opin. Lipidol.201526540541110.1097/MOL.000000000000021026241102
     [Google Scholar]
  13. LiuzzoG. BiasucciL.M. GallimoreJ.R. GrilloR.L. RebuzziA.G. PepysM.B. MaseriA. The prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid a protein in severe unstable angina.N. Engl. J. Med.1994331741742410.1056/NEJM1994081833107017880233
     [Google Scholar]
  14. LimHS BlannAD LipGYH Raised levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2 are related to atherosclerosis and endothelial damage/dysfunction in diabetes: effect of treatment.Eur Heart J200425S50
     [Google Scholar]
  15. KonopkaA. JanasJ. PiotrowskiW. StępińskaJ. Concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with acute coronary syndrome.Cytokine201361266466910.1016/j.cyto.2012.12.00123313225
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Ylä-HerttualaS. RissanenT.T. VajantoI. HartikainenJ. Vascular endothelial growth factors: Biology and current status of clinical applications in cardiovascular medicine.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.200749101015102610.1016/j.jacc.2006.09.05317349880
     [Google Scholar]
  17. O’BrienK.D. McDonaldT.O. ChaitA. AllenM.D. AlpersC.E. Neovascular expression of E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in human atherosclerosis and their relation to intimal leukocyte content.Circulation199693467268210.1161/01.CIR.93.4.6728640995
     [Google Scholar]
  18. SadatU. JafferF.A. van ZandvoortM.A.M.J. NichollsS.J. RibattiD. GillardJ.H. Inflammation and neovascularization intertwined in atherosclerosis: Imaging of structural and molecular imaging targets.Circulation2014130978679410.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.01036925156914
     [Google Scholar]
  19. SchmidtC. FischerT. RückertR.I. OberwahrenbrockT. HarmsL. KronenbergG. KunteH. Identification of neovascularization by contrast–enhanced ultrasound to detect unstable carotid stenosis.PLoS One2017124e017533110.1371/journal.pone.017533128388659
     [Google Scholar]
  20. MooreK.J. TabasI. Macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.Cell2011145334135510.1016/j.cell.2011.04.00521529710
     [Google Scholar]
  21. MooreK.J. SheedyF.J. FisherE.A. Macrophages in atherosclerosis: A dynamic balance.Nat. Rev. Immunol.2013131070972110.1038/nri352023995626
     [Google Scholar]
  22. HinkleyH. CountsD.A. VonCanonE. LacyM. T cells in atherosclerosis: Key players in the pathogenesis of vascular disease.Cells20231217215210.3390/cells1217215237681883
     [Google Scholar]
  23. ZamaniM. SkagenK. ScottH. LindbergB. RussellD. SkjellandM. Carotid plaque neovascularization detected with superb microvascular imaging ultrasound without using contrast media.Stroke201950113121312710.1161/STROKEAHA.119.02549631510899
     [Google Scholar]
  24. NakaharaT. DweckM.R. NarulaN. PisapiaD. NarulaJ. StraussH.W. Coronary artery calcification from mechanism to molecular imaging.JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging201710558259310.1016/j.jcmg.2017.03.00528473100
     [Google Scholar]
  25. ZhangH. DuJ. WangH. WangH. JiangJ. ZhaoJ. LuH. Comparison of diagnostic values of ultrasound micro-flow imaging and contrast-enhanced ultrasound for neovascularization in carotid plaques.Exp. Ther. Med.201714168068810.3892/etm.2017.452528672985
     [Google Scholar]
  26. FerraraN. GerberH.P. LeCouterJ. The biology of VEGF and its receptors.Nat. Med.20039666967610.1038/nm0603‑66912778165
     [Google Scholar]
  27. ShibuyaM. Structure and dual function of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (Flt-1).Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.200133440942010.1016/S1357‑2725(01)00026‑711312109
     [Google Scholar]
  28. WadaH. SatohN. KitaokaS. OnoK. MorimotoT. KawamuraT. NakanoT. FujitaM. KitaT. ShimatsuA. HasegawaK. Soluble VEGF receptor-2 is increased in sera of subjects with metabolic syndrome in association with insulin resistance.Atherosclerosis2010208251251710.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.07.04519695569
     [Google Scholar]
  29. SilhaJ.V. KrsekM. SuchardaP. MurphyL.J. Angiogenic factors are elevated in overweight and obese individuals.Int. J. Obes.200529111308131410.1038/sj.ijo.080298715953938
     [Google Scholar]
  30. MigdalskiA. Activation of tissue factor-dependent coagulation, angiogenesis stimulation and heparanase concentration in patients with carotid artery stenosisScientific Publishing House of the Nicolaus Copernicus University20199596
     [Google Scholar]
  31. SabaL. LaiM.L. MontisciR. TamponiE. SanfilippoR. FaaG. PigaM. Association between carotid plaque enhancement shown by multidetector CT angiography and histologically validated microvessel density.Eur. Radiol.201222102237224510.1007/s00330‑012‑2467‑522572988
     [Google Scholar]
  32. QiaoY. EtesamiM. AstorB.C. ZeilerS.R. TroutH.H.III WassermanB.A. Carotid plaque neovascularization and hemorrhage detected by MR imaging are associated with recent cerebrovascular ischemic events.AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.201233475576010.3174/ajnr.A286322194363
     [Google Scholar]
  33. DongL. KerwinW.S. ChenH. ChuB. UnderhillH.R. NeradilekM.B. HatsukamiT.S. YuanC. ZhaoX.Q. Carotid artery atherosclerosis: Effect of intensive lipid therapy on the vasa vasorum--evaluation by using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging.Radiology2011260122423110.1148/radiol.1110126421493792
     [Google Scholar]
  34. KerwinW. HookerA. SpilkerM. ViciniP. FergusonM. HatsukamiT. YuanC. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analysis of neovasculature volume in carotid atherosclerotic plaque.Circulation2003107685185610.1161/01.CIR.0000048145.52309.3112591755
     [Google Scholar]
  35. YuanJ. MakrisG. PattersonA. UsmanA. DasT. PriestA. TengZ. HilborneS. PrudencioD. GillardJ. GravesM. Relationship between carotid plaque surface morphology and perfusion: A 3D DCE-MRI study.MAGMA201831119119910.1007/s10334‑017‑0621‑428455630
     [Google Scholar]
  36. BissaccoD. CarmoM. BarbettaI. DallatanaR. SettembriniP.G. Medical therapy before carotid endarterectomy: Changes over a 13-year period and comparison between asymptomatic and symptomatic patients.Angiology201869211311910.1177/000331971770662628446026
     [Google Scholar]
  37. SabaL. MoodyA.R. SaamT. KooiM.E. WassermanB.A. StaubD. van der LugtA. DeMarcoJ.K. SalonerD. WintermarkM. GuptaA. Vessel wall–imagingbiomarkers of carotid plaque vulnerability in stroke prevention trials.JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging202013112445245610.1016/j.jcmg.2020.07.04633153534
     [Google Scholar]
  38. SabaL. LoeweC. WeikertT. WilliamsM.C. GaleaN. BuddeR.P.J. VliegenthartR. VelthuisB.K. FranconeM. BremerichJ. NataleL. NikolaouK. DacherJ.N. PeeblesC. CaobelliF. RedheuilA. DeweyM. KreitnerK.F. SalgadoR. State-of-the-art CT and MR imaging and assessment of atherosclerotic carotid artery disease: Standardization of scanning protocols and measurements—a consensus document by the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR).Eur. Radiol.20223321063108710.1007/s00330‑022‑09024‑736194267
     [Google Scholar]
  39. KurosakiY. YoshidaK. FukudaH. HandaA. ChinM. YamagataS. Asymptomatic carotid T1-high-Intense plaque as a risk factor for a subsequent cerebrovascular ischemic event.Cerebrovasc. Dis.2017435-625025610.1159/00045597328259876
     [Google Scholar]
  40. ByrnesK.R. RossC.B. MoraschM. The current role of carotid duplex ultrasonography in the management of carotid atherosclerosis: Foundations and advances.Int. J. Vasc. Med.2012201211010.1155/2012/18787222489269
     [Google Scholar]
  41. ColiS. MagnoniM. SangiorgiG. Marrocco-TrischittaM.M. MelisurgoG. MaurielloA. SpagnoliL. ChiesaR. CianfloneD. MaseriA. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of intraplaque neovascularization in carotid arteries: Correlation with histology and plaque echogenicity.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.200852322323010.1016/j.jacc.2008.02.08218617072
     [Google Scholar]
  42. HuangP. HuangF. ZouC. SunH. TianX. YangY. TangJ. YangP. WangX. Contrast-enhanced sonographic characteristics of neovascularization in carotid atherosclerotic plaques.J. Clin. Ultrasound200836634635110.1002/jcu.2044818286514
     [Google Scholar]
  43. LiC. HeW. GuoD. ChenL. JinX. WangW. HuangB. WangW. Quantification of carotid plaque neovascularization using contrast-enhanced ultrasound with histopathologic validation.Ultrasound Med. Biol.20144081827183310.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.02.01024798387
     [Google Scholar]
  44. RafailidisV. PitouliasG. KouskourasK. RafailidisD. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the carotids.Ultrasonography201534431232310.14366/usg.1500525868732
     [Google Scholar]
  45. HoshinoM. ShimizuT. OguraH. HagiwaraY. TakaoN. SogaK. UsukiN. MoriyaJ. NakamuraH. HasegawaY. Intraplaque microvascular flow signal in superb microvascular imaging and magnetic resonance imaging carotid plaque imaging in patients with atheromatous carotid artery stenosis.J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis.201827123529353410.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.08.01730197167
     [Google Scholar]
  46. ShahF. BalanP. WeinbergM. ReddyV. NeemsR. FeinsteinM. DainauskasJ. MeyerP. GoldinM. FeinsteinS.B. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of atherosclerotic carotid plaque neovascularization: A new surrogate marker of atherosclerosis?Vasc. Med.200712429129710.1177/1358863X0708336318048465
     [Google Scholar]
  47. EvdokimenkoA.N. GulevskayaT.S. DruinaL.D. ChechetkinA.O. ShabalinaA.A. KostyrevaM.V. KulichenkovaK.N. PryamikovA.D. TanashyanM.M. Neovascularization of carotid atherosclerotic plaque and quantitative methods of its dynamic assessment in vivo.Bull. Exp. Biol. Med.2018165452152510.1007/s10517‑018‑4208‑530121924
     [Google Scholar]
  48. CzarnieckiM RanchodA MellamY Contrast-enhanced ultrasound Radiopaedia. Available From :https://radiopaedia.org/articles/contrast-enhanced-ultrasound-2 (Accessed on 25 Nov 2023).10.53347/rID‑27413
  49. MainM.L. RyanA.C. DavisT.E. AlbanoM.P. KusnetzkyL.L. HibberdM. Acute mortality in hospitalized patients undergoing echocardiography with and without an ultrasound contrast agent (multicenter registry results in 4,300,966 consecutive patients).Am. J. Cardiol.2008102121742174610.1016/j.amjcard.2008.08.01919064035
     [Google Scholar]
  50. VicenziniE. GiannoniM.F. PuccinelliF. RicciardiM.C. AltieriM. Di PieroV. GossettiB. Benedetti ValentiniF. LenziG.L. Detection of carotid adventitial vasa vasorum and plaque vascularization with ultrasound cadence contrast pulse sequencing technique and echo-contrast agent.Stroke200738102841284310.1161/STROKEAHA.107.48791817761913
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Camps-RenomP. Prats-SánchezL. CasoniF. González-de-EchávarriJ.M. Marrero-GonzálezP. CastrillónI. MarínR. Jiménez-XarriéE. Delgado-MederosR. Martínez-DomeñoA. Guisado-AlonsoD. Martí-FàbregasJ. Plaque neovascularization detected with contrast‐enhanced ultrasound predicts ischaemic stroke recurrence in patients with carotid atherosclerosis.Eur. J. Neurol.202027580981610.1111/ene.1415731997418
     [Google Scholar]
  52. MantellaL.E. ColledanchiseK.N. HétuM.F. FeinsteinS.B. AbunassarJ. JohriA.M. Carotid intraplaque neovascularization predicts coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events.Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging201920111239124710.1093/ehjci/jez07031621834
     [Google Scholar]
  53. SongY. DangY. WangJ. CaiH. FengJ. ZhangH. RuanL. Carotid intraplaque neovascularization predicts ischemic stroke recurrence in patients with carotid atherosclerosis.Gerontology202167214415110.1159/00051136033582668
     [Google Scholar]
  54. FresilliD. Di LeoN. MartinelliO. Di MarzoL. PaciniP. DolcettiV. Del GaudioG. CanniF. RicciL.I. De VitoC. CaiazzoC. CarlettiR. Di GioiaC. CarboneI. FeinsteinS.B. CatalanoC. CantisaniV. 3D-Arterial analysis software and CEUS in the assessment of severity and vulnerability of carotid atherosclerotic plaque: A comparison with CTA and histopathology.Radiol. Med. (Torino)2022127111254126910.1007/s11547‑022‑01551‑z36114929
     [Google Scholar]
  55. LindnerJ.R. CogginsM.P. KaulS. KlibanovA.L. BrandenburgerG.H. LeyK. Microbubble persistence in the microcirculation during ischemia/reperfusion and inflammation is caused by integrin- and complement-mediated adherence to activated leukocytes.Circulation2000101666867510.1161/01.CIR.101.6.66810673260
     [Google Scholar]
  56. TsutsuiJ.M. XieF. CanoM. ChomasJ. PhillipsP. RadioS.J. LofJ. PorterT.R. Detection of retained microbubbles in carotid arteries with real-time low mechanical index imaging in the setting of endothelial dysfunction.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.20044451036104610.1016/j.jacc.2004.05.05615337216
     [Google Scholar]
  57. OwenD.R. ShalhoubJ. MillerS. GauthierT. DoryforouO. DaviesA.H. LeenE.L.S. Inflammation within carotid atherosclerotic plaque: Assessment with late-phase contrast-enhanced US.Radiology2010255263864410.1148/radiol.1009136520413774
     [Google Scholar]
  58. ShalhoubJ. MonacoC. OwenD.R.J. GauthierT. ThaparA. LeenE.L.S. DaviesA.H. Late-phase contrast-enhanced ultrasound reflects biological features of instability in human carotid atherosclerosis.Stroke201142123634363610.1161/STROKEAHA.111.63120021960570
     [Google Scholar]
  59. LiJ. WangK. PanW. LiN. TangB. Targeted imaging in atherosclerosis.Anal. Chem.20229436122631227310.1021/acs.analchem.2c0264436039871
     [Google Scholar]
  60. ChadderdonS.M. BelcikJ.T. BaderL. KirigitiM.A. PetersD.M. KievitP. GroveK.L. LindnerJ.R. Proinflammatory endothelial activation detected by molecular imaging in obese nonhuman primates coincides with onset of insulin resistance and progressively increases with duration of insulin resistance.Circulation2014129447147810.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.00364524163066
     [Google Scholar]
  61. KhanichehE. MitterhuberM. XuL. HaeuselmannS.P. KusterG.M. KaufmannB.A. Noninvasive ultrasound molecular imaging of the effect of statins on endothelial inflammatory phenotype in early atherosclerosis.PLoS One201383e5876110.1371/journal.pone.005876123554922
     [Google Scholar]
  62. LiuH. WangX. TanK.B. LiuP. ZhuoZ.X. LiuZ. HuaX. ZhuoQ.Q. XiaH.M. GaoY.H. Molecular imaging of vulnerable plaques in rabbits using contrast-enhanced ultrasound targeting to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2.J. Clin. Ultrasound2011392839010.1002/jcu.2075921213333
     [Google Scholar]
  63. ZhangX. WuM. ZhangY. ZhangJ. SuJ. YangC. Molecular imaging of atherosclerotic plaque with lipid nanobubbles as targeted ultrasound contrast agents.Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces202018911086111086110.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.11086132070864
     [Google Scholar]
  64. YaoY. ZhangP. Novel ultrasound techniques in the identification of vulnerable plaques—an updated review of the literature.Front. Cardiovasc. Med.2023101069745106974510.3389/fcvm.2023.106974537293284
     [Google Scholar]
  65. OuraK. KatoT. OhbaH. TerayamaY. Evaluation of intraplaque neovascularization using superb microvascular imaging and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis.20182792348235310.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.04.02329754774
     [Google Scholar]
  66. ZhuY.C. JiangX.Z. BaiQ.K. DengS.H. ZhangY. ZhangZ.P. JiangQ. Evaluating the efficacy of atorvastatin on patients with carotid plaque by an innovative ultrasonography.J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis.201928383083710.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.11.02730563776
     [Google Scholar]
  67. MengQ. XieX. LiL. JiangC. ZhaoK. BaiZ. ZhengZ. YangY. YuY. ZhangH. ZhaoX. Assessment of neovascularization of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques using superb microvascular imaging: A comparison with contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging and histology.Quant. Imaging Med. Surg.20211151958196910.21037/qims‑20‑93333936978
     [Google Scholar]
  68. ReiffT. EcksteinH.H. MansmannU. JansenO. FraedrichG. MudraH. BöcklerD. BöhmM. BrückmannH. DebusE.S. FiehlerJ. LangW. MathiasK. RingelsteinE.B. SchmidliJ. StingeleR. ZahnR. ZellerT. HetzelA. BodechtelU. BinderA. GlahnJ. HackeW. RinglebP.A. Angioplasty in asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis vs. endarterectomy compared to best medical treatment: One-year interim results of SPACE-2.Int. J. Stroke2019156174749301983301730873912
     [Google Scholar]
  69. AdayA.W. BeckmanJ.A. Medical management of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis.Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis.201759658559010.1016/j.pcad.2017.05.00828539213
     [Google Scholar]
  70. ShahZ. MasoomiR. ThapaR. WaniM. ChenJ. DawnB. RymerM. GuptaK. Optimal medical management reduces risk of disease progression and ischemic events in asymptomatic carotid stenosis patients: A long-term follow- up study.Cerebrovasc. Dis.2017443-415015910.1159/00047750128689200
     [Google Scholar]
  71. AbuRahmaA.F. AvgerinosE.D. ChangR.W. DarlingR.C.III DuncanA.A. ForbesT.L. MalasM.B. MuradM.H. PerlerB.A. PowellR.J. RockmanC.B. ZhouW. Society for Vascular Surgery clinical practice guidelines for management of extracranial cerebrovascular disease.J. Vasc. Surg.20227514S22S10.1016/j.jvs.2021.04.07334153348
     [Google Scholar]
  72. MeschiaJ.F. BushnellC. Boden-AlbalaB. BraunL.T. BravataD.M. ChaturvediS. CreagerM.A. EckelR.H. ElkindM.S.V. FornageM. GoldsteinL.B. GreenbergS.M. HorvathS.E. IadecolaC. JauchE.C. MooreW.S. WilsonJ.A. American heart association stroke council Council on cardiovascular and stroke nursing Council on clinical cardiology Council on functional genomics and translational biology Council on hypertension Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/American stroke association.Stroke201445123754383210.1161/STR.000000000000004625355838
     [Google Scholar]
  73. YangD.B. ZhouJ. FengL. XuR. WangY.C. Value of superb micro-vascular imaging in predicting ischemic stroke in patients with carotid atherosclerotic plaques.World J. Clin. Cases20197783984810.12998/wjcc.v7.i7.83931024955
     [Google Scholar]
  74. ParaskevasK.I. GloviczkiP. AntignaniP.L. ComerotaA.J. DardikA. DaviesA.H. EcksteinH.H. FaggioliG. Fernandes e FernandesJ. FraedrichG. GeroulakosG. GolledgeJ. GuptaA. GurevichV.S. JawienA. JezovnikM.K. KakkosS.K. KnoflachM. LanzaG. LiapisC.D. LoftusI.M. MansilhaA. NicolaidesA.N. PiniR. PoredosP. ProczkaR.M. RiccoJ.B. RundekT. SabaL. SchlachetzkiF. SilvestriniM. SpinelliF. StiloF. SuriJ.S. SvetlikovA.V. ZeebregtsC.J. ChaturvediS. VeithF.J. MikhailidisD.P. Benefits and drawbacks of statins and non-statin lipid lowering agents in carotid artery disease.Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis.202273414710.1016/j.pcad.2022.05.00335605696
     [Google Scholar]
  75. BrinjikjiW. LehmanV.T. KallmesD.F. RabinsteinA.A. LanzinoG. MuradM.H. MulvaghS. KlaasJ. Graff-RadfordJ. DeMarcoK.J. HustonJ.III The effects of statin therapy on carotid plaque composition and volume: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J. Neuroradiol.201744423424010.1016/j.neurad.2016.12.00428187866
     [Google Scholar]
  76. ParaskevasK.I. VeithF.J. EcksteinH.H. RiccoJ.B. MikhailidisD.P. Cholesterol, carotid artery disease and stroke: What the vascular specialist needs to know.Ann. Transl. Med.2020819126510.21037/atm.2020.02.17633178797
     [Google Scholar]
  77. ArtomN. MontecuccoF. DallegriF. PendeA. Carotid atherosclerotic plaque stenosis: The stabilizing role of statins.Eur. J. Clin. Invest.201444111122113410.1111/eci.1234025231921
     [Google Scholar]
  78. TsiaraS. ElisafM. MikhailidisD.P. Early vascular benefits of statin therapy.Curr. Med. Res. Opin.200319654055610.1185/03007990312500222514594527
     [Google Scholar]
  79. MakrisG.C. LavidaA. GriffinM. GeroulakosG. NicolaidesA.N. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging for the evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis2011219237738310.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.05.00621663910
     [Google Scholar]
  80. SpenceJ.D. EliasziwM. DiCiccoM. HackamD.G. GalilR. LohmannT. Carotid plaque area: A tool for targeting and evaluating vascular preventive therapy.Stroke200233122916292210.1161/01.STR.0000042207.16156.B912468791
     [Google Scholar]
  81. MigrinoR.Q. BowersM. HarmannL. ProstR. LaDisaJ.F.Jr Carotid plaque regression following 6-month statin therapy assessed by 3T cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Comparison with ultrasound intima media thickness.J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson.20111313710.1186/1532‑429X‑13‑3721812992
     [Google Scholar]
  82. DuR. CaiJ. CuiB. WuH. ZhaoX.Q. YeP. Rapid improvement in carotid adventitial angiogenesis and plaque neovascularization after rosuvastatin therapy in statin treatment–naïve subjects.J. Clin. Lipidol.201913584785310.1016/j.jacl.2019.07.00831783975
     [Google Scholar]
  83. O’BrienK.D. HippeD.S. ChenH. NeradilekM.B. ProbstfieldJ.L. PeckS. IsquithD.A. CantonG. YuanC. PolissarN.L. ZhaoX.Q. KerwinW.S. Longer duration of statin therapy is associated with decreased carotid plaque vascularity by magnetic resonance imaging.Atherosclerosis2016245748110.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.11.03226708287
     [Google Scholar]
  84. BonatiL.H. KakkosS. BerkefeldJ. de BorstG.J. BulbuliaR. HallidayA. van HerzeeleI. KoncarI. McCabeD.J.H. LalA. RiccoJ-B. RinglebP. Taylor-RowanM. EcksteinH-H. European Stroke Organisation guideline on endarterectomy and stenting for carotid artery stenosis.Eur. Stroke J.202162IXLVII10.1177/23969873211012121
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cvp/10.2174/0115701611304241240523045704
Loading
Neovascularization as a Leading Mechanism of Intraplaque Hemorrhage and Carotid Plaque Destabilization: A Narrative Review
Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 22, 377 (2024); https://doi.org/10.2174/0115701611304241240523045704
/content/journals/cvp/10.2174/0115701611304241240523045704
/content/journals/cvp/10.2174/0115701611304241240523045704
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): carotid plaque destabilization; Carotid stenosis; intraplaque hemorrhage; neovascularization; vulnerable carotid plaque

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test